Spirituality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Spirituality - Essay Example The first is a moral code of conduct and justification that will guide health care providers to tend to patients in a manner that is in alignment with religion. Such as the fact that they cannot present life threatening drugs or force people to take a drug that may cause death. At the same time, women cannot be advised of abortion etc. Secondly the doctor patient relationship needs to be built on the element of trust; the patient is entitled to receive all the information regarding treatment, health care and any aspect of a procedure that they have to undergo. Even though the provider is the true healer and is believed to be so by the patient as well, all sides of the story is a duty of the doctor to the patient. Thirdly, patients are autonomous, that is, they are allowed to make any decision they want to, after being presented all the facts of the situation. At the same time, health care providers have to act like good citizens, taking it on their conscience to care for the patient and heal them; and not just go through with this procedure in a mechanical fashion, but to be caring and loving and compassionate towards the patient. God will only show mercy to him who showed mercy on his creation, and so providers need to offer not just treatment but compassion and mercy to patients, praying for their well-being and taking it as a duty as God’s servants to take care of his creation. At the same time there is the concept of non-maleficence in Christianity; which essentially translates into â€Å"never harm anyone.† According to this principle, health care providers need to be such that they give the right kind of prescription to the right patient and they need to assess whether a particular treatment would harm or benefit the patient in question. Christianity also believes in the principle of justice. Therefore patients are all to be treated equally and fairly, and treated till depth of the provider’s ability as

Major issues in second language classroom research Essay Example for Free

Major issues in second language classroom research Essay Chapter one is all about the major issues in second language instruction that arose during classroom research. There are four general issues concerning the effectiveness of the classroom instruction that was mentioned. The first issue is entitled â€Å"Learning from instruction† which concerns Krashen’s extensive analysis of the role of instruction within his framework of interpreting L2 acquisition, wherein he views the effects of instruction as limited, however: the classroom should function to provide the learner with comprehensible target language (TL) input in an affectively supportive climate. The second issue is entitled â€Å"Teacher talk† the main goal of this research has been to determine what makes teacher talk an aid to learning, the initial approach of this research has been to describe the features of L2 teacher talk which distinguish it from speech to L2 learners in non instructional settings. The third issue is entitled â€Å"learner behavior†, both the teacher and the learners have been investigated not only their linguistic behavior but their learning strategies and social interactions with other learners have been the target of research. Some researchers have placed great emphasis on finding out whether the learners are viewed as being in control of their own learning. The last issue is entitled †Interaction in the classroom †, interaction is viewed as significant because it is argued that 1) only through interaction can the learner decompose the TL structures and derive meaning from classroom events, 2) interaction gives learners the opportunities to incorporate TL structures into their own speech. In chapter one the four major issues were introduced, because in the chapters that will follow, each chapter will treat the issues just outlined in greater detail. Chapter 2: Classroom research methods. Chapter two presents the principal studies and concepts that have elaborated the methodology for observing and analyzing classroom instruction and interaction. Several approaches were mentioned in this chapter, majority of it is the methodological approaches. Methodological approaches to the study of L2 classrooms are extremely varied, reflecting both a great diversity of research questions and purposes, and a range of theoretical perspectives on the conduct of research. There is a continuous give-and-take between the success and failures of quantitative and qualitative approaches to portray and explain precisely the processes and products of classroom interactions. These approaches have followed methods adopted by researchers in native language schooling or other sociological and sociolinguistic studies of communicative interaction. In this chapter these methods were described with regard to their capacity to extract and validate generalizations about social and linguistic processes occurring in L2 classrooms. Chapter 3: Teacher talk in second language classrooms Chapter three surveys research on the linguistic and discourse characteristics of teacher speech to L2 learners. This chapter reviews research that has investigated second language classrooms in terms of teacher’s language use in the classroom, especially the characteristic features that differentiate speech to nonnative speakers from that to native speakers. It was also mentioned here the four modifications in teacher speech which are: first is the modifications of speech rate, prosody, phonology, wherein the researchers that were involved , found teacher’s speech to second language learners to be slower, in comparison with other contexts and conditions. Second is the modifications of vocabulary, where they claim that both non teachers and teachers tend to use a more basic set of vocabulary items in their narratives told to L2 learners. Third is the modifications of syntax, it is by far one of the most investigated and quantified characteristics of teacher talk has been teacher’s syntactic modifications. These can be grouped into five types: measures of length of utterances, measures of subordination, measures of markedness, measures of grammaticality, and measures of distribution of sentence types. And the last one is the modification of discourse, which has two categories: the framing moves, where the only significant difference in framing moves was that visiting teachers used more, compared with the regular teachers. The second category is the self-repetition, where on the assumption that repetitions may provide the learner with more opportunities to process information or follow the teacher’s model. In this review, a variety of teacher behaviors have been described and compared across different contexts. Chapter 4: Learner behavior in second language classrooms Chapter four reviews research on the characteristics of learner behavior- participation and speech. They consider research on the contribution of the learner acquisition of a second language. Classroom researchers have focused on learner’s verbal and social interactions and have inferred learning strategies from learner’s behavior in such interactions. There were also hypotheses in the data and tentative conclusions about relationships to learning that are described in this chapter. These hypotheses will form the basis for organizing the results of studies on learner behavior. Research on learner’s classroom behaviors addressed several major hypotheses. In addition, a final section of this chapter examines studies of learner’s learning strategies, a relatively recent area of investigations in second language classroom research. As for learner strategies, there are clearly fruitful topics for further research. It is evident that the strategies identified to date constitute a very mixed set of phenomena, not all of which can be investigated under classroom conditions. Chapter 5: Teacher and student interaction in second language classrooms Chapter five describes research on teacher-leaner interaction. In this chapter several of the factors that have been considered to influence the quality and quantity of teacher-student interaction are examined. The interaction which occurs as a result of these factors is described, and some of the likely consequences of the interaction for learners are suggested. In the view of many researchers and practitioners, conversation and instructional exchanges between teacher and students provide the best opportunities for the learners to exercise target skills, to test out their hypotheses about the target language, and to get useful feedback. The classroom research has shown that teachers may be less likely to address L2 learners when they are mixed with native speakers. It has also been revealed that teacher’s different questioning strategies may be either helpful for inhibiting of communication in classrooms. The greatest error teachers make may be the assumption that what occurs as †correction† in the classroom interaction automatically leads to learning on the part of the student. The nature of interaction in L2 classrooms is perhaps the most critical issue concerning formal second language learning, and although the research cited in this chapter suggests important ways in which current instructional practice may be both effective for and detrimental to promotion of TL skills, the complete picture remains to be developed. Chapter 6: Learning outcomes Chapter six draws together all of the foregoing research, as well as other studies, to determine the state of knowledge about learning outcomes resulting from teacher’s and learner’s classroom interaction. This chapter will review research on L2 classroom processes that have a potentially positive effects on learner’s perception and incorporation of the forms and functions of the target language. It should be clear that there is substance to the view that classroom instruction will aid L2 acquisition. The direction of results in the few large-scale classroom studies favors slightly a focus on form or explicit talk about grammar. Research on outcomes of learner production and teacher-learner interaction, suggests furthermore that other factors in classroom learning may contribute greatly to acquisition. Some of these factors may underline or interact with the effects noted in this section. The research reviewed here concerning the TL learning effects of interaction in L2 classrooms is limited in its conclusions, yet highly suggestive for further research. But still there are many research that remained unsolved, but hope that in the future many of these will be once and for all solved. Chapter 7: Directions for research and teaching As the last chapter it is obvious that the major findings of the research will be summarized, and that implications for further research and teaching in second language classrooms will be suggested. Despite the increase of classroom-oriented research in recent years, few can be made with great confidence because of the difficulty of synthesizing. When all the research has been carefully analyze it has been shown that research is lacking in consistent measures of classroom processes and products. Sometimes inadequate in design to address critical research question. It is also incomplete in its quantitative or qualitative analysis, which leads to a need of greater theoretical specification of the constructs and relationships to be investigated. A discussion of these methodological issues is to be carried out before any future directions are suggested. In this chapter it was also pointed out the areas for future research on classroom reading, outline major implications for curriculum planning and L2 instruction, and lastly to suggest ways of achieving greater consistency across classroom research studies. The reason of pointing these out is because, it makes it more easier for future researchers to find answers. Summary Since the 1960s, there has been an increasing attempt in research on teaching and learning from instruction to relate the major features of teacher and student behavior in classrooms to learning outcomes. The research in this book deals with the nature of the teacher and student behavior in real classroom. Using this set up , researchers were able to observe and analyze what is really the nature of the teacher and the student’s behavior. They were able to determine what are the factors that can affect a L2 learner in acquiring language. They were focused on the learning and acquisition of the L2. In the first chapter, they discussed the major issues that arose during the research. The chapters that follows, the primary research studied is that conducted in L2 classrooms, in simulations of language classrooms, or in semi-instructional, tutoring interactions between teachers or L2 speakers and language learners. Many theories, hypotheses and approaches were formed and used in these research. But there was a memo in the start of the chapter, it says that the fact that this book is reviewing research on the preceding issues does not guarantee that the research will provide unambiguous answers to them. It’s because the research that was done in this book has not yet been proven to be accurate. The purpose of this book has been to attempt to elucidate the critical issues and findings of research in and about second language classrooms. While the studies reviewed here clearly are not always as rigorous or convincing as we would like, the past ten years of classroom-oriented research is impressive in the breadth and depth of study of a variety of issues, when virtually every study was groundbreaking in one respect or another- methodology, research questions, population studied, analytical techniques applied. At the same time, second language instruction has been gaining importance, as more people throughout the world find the need to acquire one or more second languages. There is diversification in the specific purposes of language instruction, an increase in language schools and programs, and an expansion in training programs for second language teachers, researchers, and program developers. For these reasons alone, second language classroom research has an important role to play. Reflection I think this book is quite the catch. Especially if you are an English major like me. This book helped me to understand a bit more the importance of second language acquisition. I already know from my ESL/EFL class that learning a second language is important, but this book made me realize that acquiring a second language will be very advantageous for me. Because if I learn my second language perfectly, I know that I will be more confident in myself. And that I can be globally competitive. This book does not only talk about second language acquisition, it also talks about classroom-oriented research. In the classroom-oriented research they tackled the nature of the teacher and the behavior of the students. They wanted to know what are the factors that affect the L2 leaner in acquiring language and how can they overcome these if they were to be problems, and how can they improve it if it were a solutions. In this book there were also hypotheses theories, and approaches that were formed and used. The setting that was used is the classroom, and that the main subjects are the teachers and the learners. This book is a big help in understanding second language acquisition. Although some words are a bit hard to understand , I will still recommend this book to anyone who is interested in learning and acquiring a second language. And also to my fellow majors, because I know this book will be a big help in our studies.

Organizational Structure of Starbucks

Organizational Structure of Starbucks Starbucks have built a global coffee empire on the basis of quality inexpensive drinks. In February 2009 the Seattle based Company announced that it will close more than 300 stores which would impact 6,000 people and result in 700 layoffs. Starbucks have stated that they will continue to expand its presence in Europe and staff that is laid off will be given the opportunity of alternate jobs in these stores. They are planning to open 150 new stores in 2009/10. At this moment in time Starbucks are represented in more than 15,000 locations worldwide. The Mission statement of Starbucks has been defined as Our mission: to inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time. (Farfan, 2012). The vision of Starbucks is all about quality and people. They want to enrich the lives of people by making Starbucks the premier neighborhood coffee shop and be seen as a social influence of good in peoples daily lives. Starbucks have a number of value statements and this is illustrated on their Canadian web site  [1]  where they enumerate:- where they enumerate:- The Coffee its all about the passion for coffee and finding the best ingredients and roasting the beans. They believe passionately in concepts of fair trade and enriching the lives of the coffee growers Partners The firm considers all of its staff as partners and inclusive in the contribution and wellbeing of the business. This ethos extends to its entire international operation. Customers Its all about social interaction with our customers and ensuring that they have an enjoyable experience at all of the Starbucks retail outlets The Stores All of the stores should have a unique Starbucks quality providing a consistent image of quality and an enjoyable social atmosphere where people can meet and enjoy fine coffee Community Starbucks wants to be seen as an important part of the community and an important force for good. It wants to enrich the lives of the local community and be seen as a desirable meeting place. Shareholders Starbucks recognises the important contribution of its investors and wants to remain a business that the shareholders can be proud of and provide them with good returns on investment. SECTION 2 The Organizational Structure The Organization structure of Starbucks is similar to most large groups of its size. The organization is controlled by a Board of Directors who functions from the Group HQ based in Seattle, Washington. Around the country it is split into regional jurisdictions with district Managers who oversee a group of regional stores. A store manager acts as the local boss for supervising the staff at a particular store location. The company does not operate as a franchise system but it does license store fronts. These are owned and operated by the Starbucks Corporation under strict quality control guidelines. The entire Starbucks team work as partners and are geared towards quality customer service and client satisfaction. Starbucks emphasises a policy of inclusion amongst its entire staff and no matter where you fit in the hierarchy the firm attempts to recognize individual contribution. Most of the consumers who are fans of Starbucks will endorse the level of consistency found across the Starb ucks locations whether you are in Seattle, New York or London. The Company has been extremely successful in this regard. (Schreiner, 2012). SECTION 3 Starbucks in China Starbucks have been instrumental in helping to increase the popularity of Coffee in China. The CEO has said that it plans to start and grow coffee in Yunnan province of China. This essentially will make a strategic commitment to help strengthen and develop the Starbucks brand in China. Yunnan province coffee already has a well-developed reputation in China for the production of high quality coffee beans. Starbucks have indicated that they would like to export Yunnan coffee beans throughout its world-wide distribution of retail stores. Starbucks has now been in China for 12 years and has 400 stores on the mainland and 800 stores in greater China. The firm has stated that China will be the fastest and biggest growing market in North America (CNN, 2010). The provincial government in Chinas Yunnan Province has said that it will invest $450 million to help expand the green bean volume of production from the current 38,000 tonnes per annum to that of 200,000 tonnes by 2020. It will also help Starbucks to expand its hectares in Yunnan province from 26,700 to 100,000 acres in the same period. This will help to create employment in China and develop the educational system within the Universities in the province of Yunnan, thereby promoting the development of the coffee industry in China. Starbucks will offer Yunnan province their agricultural expertise gained in coffee plantations in Cost Rica and Rwanda. This will help promote local knowledge and expertise in Yunnan province. When entering Japan they looked for local partnerships that would help them to ease their way into the Japanese market place and the approach was more one of stealth and careful navigation than opposed to that of a blockbuster announcement. The approach followed the typical model shown to the right. External Factors consider such items as cultural implications, market potential, and the intensity of competition and market barriers. Whereas internal factors are more focused upon such items as the characteristics of the country and environment for successful operations, the local resources available, speed of entry, ability to gain local support and investment. Statistics show a strong performance in sales between 2005-2008 but in 2008 the net income showed a sharp decline. So despite a growth trend in Sales the Company was losing money. The decline in the US market is however less likely to impact the potential investment and growth in China as the market forces are very different in the Chinese provinces as opposed to the USA economic determinations. (Tung, 2010) Starbucks and Sustainability When considering the concept of sustainability, the first word that comes to mind is that of the environment. Paper cups, are one of the most common consumables in our daily life. The disposal of these has become a serious problem in latest fifty years. This has contributed to the effect of global warming. Every day in the U.S. Millions of people will consume six cups of coffee as part of their routine life and only a few of them will choose not to use paper cups. As coffee has become the most popular drink for the breakfast and afternoon tea, all over the world, the expending of paper cups will only increase. Owing to the impact that paper cups will cause to the environment; some of the coffee stores advocate some discount activity to decrease the damage caused by paper cups. This project considers how paper cups are contributing to the destruction of the environment and the need for future actions of sustainability to protect the environment. The Environmental impact on paper cup disposal A paper cup is made of paper and lined with plastic or wax to prevent any drink from leaking out through the paper. Paper cups as the most popular drink container in the world, however, most of them are not recycled paper and as such they bring many negative impacts to the environment. According to a study of paper cups, it illustrates that a single cup will produce 0.25 pounds of CO2 emissions. When one paper cup is made, 0.90 square meters of natural habitat will be lost. Another statistic shows that in 2006, in excess of half a million trees were felled to make paper cups used by U.S consumers, in addition 4 billion gallons of water were used to make coffee and tea but resulting in 253 million pounds of waste. The only result of using large amount of paper cups is heavy air pollution, which is related to the thesis in this paper: sustainability. Wasting too many paper contributes to the wastage factor in the felling of trees. In particular, the disposable paper cups. Basically, a tree needs ten to fifteen years to mature . During this period how many other trees will be destroyed purely for the use of paper cups? Since the paper cup is a vital component of our routine life, most people do not consider the serious impact it creates. Meanwhile, landfill is another problem that disposable paper cups bring to the environment. The world administration is simply not equipped to deal with all of the recycling required and we are left with a quantum anount of plastic cups and lids which are virtually indestructible Starbucks are taking the campaign seriously Fortunately, there are some of the institutions and coffee store already realized the serious impact of paper cups. In this project, I am going to look at the most famous coffee store around the worldStarbucks. Starbucks is one of the most popular coffee shop in everywhere in the world, especially in its original placeU.S. And before 2006, paper cups were banned for recycling because of healthy. According to the graph above, U.S paper consumption has decreased in recent years. Starbucks serves 2.3 billion coffee cups a year. Owing to the huge consumption of paper cups they have realised the importance of environment concerns. Starbucks was the first company in the U.S to recycle content coffee cups. Those cups included ten percent post-consumer recycled fiber (PCF), this activity saved tens of thousands of trees, a half million gallons of wastewater and million pounds of garbage from being trucked to landfills. (Fusso, 2011). Starbucks also recommend people bring their own coffee cup nowadays, while one customer bring their own cup, they could have a ten cent discount for their order. This campaign encourages customers to be more environmentally friendly. Sustainability usually reminds people about green products and protecting the environment. However, when confronted not many people will agree upon how to achieve these objectives . Governments usually are indifferent on the subject and the only effective way is making sustainability related to profit. Modern Corporate entities become more interested in the concept of wealth accumulation and making profits. As a multi-national company Starbucks sets a good example to achieve paper cups sustainability. Customer Service Starbucks are an excellent example of excellence in customer service. They have had a lot of time in terms of getting the model right but they have persevered and never been complacent regarding the needs of their customer base. It starts with the quality of the product itself. They provide a range of coffees that are custom designed in order to meet the needs of even the most demanding of customers. The staff pays attention to the detail and little points that make your experience enjoyable; there are no real throwaways at Starbucks. One example is the type of background music played in the stores. This is designed to provide a light convivial atmosphere. Very often a light smooth jazz or the mellow sounds of Sinatra. The music is designed to make you feel good in a relaxing atmosphere. Another point is that Starbucks have never tried to nickel and dime their customers; they dont mind how long you sit at the cafà © with a single coffee. They want you to enjoy yourself. The Cafes often provide very comfortable seating arrangements and lounge chairs. This helps in the creation of customer loyalty and is indicative of the fact that they care about their customers (Hanft, 2012) Ethical Practices Owing to the amount of an ethical and dishonest marketing practices, as carried out in the USA, the public are looking for improved codes of ethics and marketing practices. Standards of marketing are not strictly governed by codes of ethics, as compared to other more regulated professions like law, medicine, accountants etc. the American marketing Association. [AMA] is attempting to bridge the gap but can only make code binding upon some members. An underlying question is will any rigorous code of ethics improve marketing practices of business behaviour? The first consideration must be enforcement; only if you can make people obey the code of ethics does it become worthwhile. Starbucks have attempted to place ethics high on their value chain. This starts off with the coffee production and dealing with Fair Trade Coffee that ensures planters and their staff are treated in an equitable manner and receive proper financial rewards that are commensurate with their efforts. This has also seen a move towards organic coffee production. It is often difficult to keep a check on all that takes place in your supply chain but is is important to avoid scandals like that of Nike who found themselves at the centre of a human rights scandal on the exploitation of child labour. Information Technology Starbucks has always taken Information Technology very seriously in its business operations. In March of 2012 they announced the appointment of two new Executives to be responsible for the way Starbucks uses technology and innovation relative to servicing its customer base. Starbucks have embraced the digital revolution in supporting digital networks within its stores. Starbucks has made significant investments in point of sale management systems, sophisticated inventor control systems and provision of computer technology in its supply chain. Leadership Practice The leadership style in Starbucks is very focused towards that of the democratic leadership style. This form of leadership style promotes delegation amongst assigned staff and given them the authority in which to complete tasks by using their own methods but adhering to corporate standards and guidelines. This motivates the staff because it promotes initiative and makes them feel more inclusive in the decision making. Delegation of responsibility does not however make the Manager less accountable for achieving the end results. The Manager is accountable for the end result. There is a danger that staff does not carry their weight and rely upon others to carry them. The Situational Leadership Model by Blanchard and Hersey is an important contribution because it has created a relatively simple matrix in order to explain a complex subject. Managers in larger Corporations are able to examine their directive and supportive leadership styles and determine where they are portrayed on the Model. By adjusting, the dynamics of their leadership style that can fine-tune the behavioural stance of leadership to be more supportive or more directive as the occasion demands. Hersey pointed out that this is not a theoretical concept but that of a leadership model. This is because the model is more application oriented and may be modified or adapted to meeting various situations as opposed to theoretical considerations that are normally more fixed. The negative side of traditional leadership models is that it has been more inwardly focused upon personal leadership styles as opposed to taking a more holistic viewpoint in terms of looking who leadership serves and how best to gain the optimum outcomes for the organization i.e. managing customer relationships and ensuring the business objectives are driven and focused towards meeting these needs. Positive attributes are that it has promoted group dynamics within the organization and helped in business transformation and change management. Starbucks have also adopted more of a servant leadership style at the store level. This is a relatively new concept that is finding a lot of support where high customer centric support is required. Servant Leadership may be defined as a leadership style that influences, models and supports how people learn to serve others first. It encourages the concept of speed (efficiency) and integrity in the way people interact and negotiate in a business setting. The concept covers both an internal and external focus. The approach works on the basis that in meeting peoples legitimate needs one gains more influence as a leader. This builds trust within the organization and is seen as dedication and commitment by customers. The qualities of servant leadership can be seen in individuals that:- Have Empathy they are good listeners Empowered They encourage others to lead by active delegation Positive attitude They promote a positive outlook in the organization Desire They have honesty and integrity and work on building trust Problem Escalation They will resolve issues or problems in an expedient manner Serve Excellent provision of customer service Pros of Servant Leadership Seeks and encourages open and honest feedback from others Helps people to progress and develop to their optimum capability levels Meets the legitimate needs of other people and aspires to the highest levels of trust Prepares for the future by careful succession planning Above all provides excellence in customer service by open, honest and transparent communications with an emphasis on service and quality Cons of servant leadership Not applicable to all situations e.g. The Military Changing the leadership view from one style to that of servant leadership can prove difficult unless very carefully handled Leading is different from managing personal and organizational styles need to be carefully aligned Importance of servant leadership Servant leadership has become an extremely popular approach in modern business. In a difficult financial climate competition for business increases and a good customer, relationship management team becomes of paramount concern. Good servant leaders bring about a very positive approach in the development of internal resources by promoting them, coaching and encouraging them, whilst equally motivating them towards a sense of community building. People will follow such leaders because they portray a selfless and generous demeanour and concerned about the welfare of others. This style is very paternalistic and encourages others not to be selfish but consider what they can do to help others. It was John F Kennedy that immortalised the saying Ask not what your country can do for you, but what can you do for your country. The style treats employees more as business partners as opposed to helpless drones of a slavish and subordinate mentality. Equally, the customers will look at the positive internal dynamics that are being generated. Customers will see this as indicative of the manner they will be treated i.e. with equality, respect, personal concern and a willingness to achieve a high quality product or service. (M.McCrimmon, 2012) Social Responsibility An excellent video link illustrating the Social responsibilities of Starbuck can be viewed at this location: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nly_OdvORQY . This is a very interesting video clip that illustrates both the ethical and social responsibility of Starbucks on a global basis. Essentially all business organisations have reward systems for their employees. Without these being in place the employees would not complete their job functions. Executives tend to regard this as compensation but in reality it extends far beyond the simple concept of pay. Modern organizations tend to view reward in terms of a strategic framework and this considers the overall vision and mission of the organization. For example, how will the business be successful and as such how the people that drive the business is both rewarded and incentivised. As such this rests upon a number of different perspectives i.e. Financial, Sociological, Psychological, Environmental, Hygiene etc. This falling within the general concept of Maslows Hierarchy of needs. (Bussing-Burks, 2009) SECTION 4 SWOT Analysis of Starbucks Strengths: There are a lot of very strong positive forces at play within Starbucks and this is what positions the firm as a Fortune 100 Company and a global player in this field. Large Market share capitalization They have the financial clout! Strong Brand Image The brand is recognized world wide Large store network Huge distribution of global stores Committed workforce A highly motivated workforce Highly profitable A highly profitable global business Global presence They continue to expand international presence Strong ethical values They have maintained a strong ethical stance Fortune 100 Company Recognition as an American Corporate giant High customer loyalty The customers are very loyal to the brand Quality products- Consistent quality over all their stores. Weaknesses: There are some issues with Starbucks but these are offset by the very strong profile the business projects. Premium company, as such can be undercut by low quality brands High dependency on coffee need for increased product diversification Very focused on US domestic market This is changing Could use more Free Trade Products This is being addressed and improving Seen as loyal American Global brand Despite this it is extremely well respected globally Fairly high costs to maintain standard of excellence You always pay for quality! Opportunities Starbucks have a very proactive marketing department and are always looking forwards to areas for improvement. . They are planning to open 150 new stores in 2009/10. At this moment in time Starbucks are represented in more than 15,000 locations worldwide. Emerging international markets like China Starbucks has now been in China for 12 years and has 400 stores on the mainland and 800 stores in greater China. The firm has stated that China Advancements in Technology Constant innovation spearheaded by two senior executives of the firm Product range diversity Constant ongoing improvements in this area Licensing its Name to open up market channels This will be done carefully in order tom protect quality standards and the brand image Improved marketing initiatives Constantly exploring new marketing opportunities Increased green initiatives Part of marketing initiatives . Starbucks also recommend people bring their own coffee cup nowadays, while one customer bring their own cup, they could own ten cent discount for their order. This campaign encourages customers to be more environmentally friendly. Threats: A saturated coffee market possibility of too many new market entrants Activists criticise Starbucks fair trade practices They are improving though Recession may mean less people purchase daily coffee- Temporary setback Increased costs of raw materials May need to be offset in pricing model Increased costs of operational overheads- May need to be offset in pricing model SECTION 5 Personal Reflection Starbucks is a hugely successful global American company and has a very loyal customer following, particularly in the USA and Canada where the coffee shops provide a focal meeting place for social meetings and connecting with the internet. There is no reason why the firm cannot continue its global expansion aims, particularly in China. Starbucks have been instrumental in helping to increase the popularity of Coffee in China. The CEO has said that it plans to start and grow coffee in Yunnan province of China. This essentially will make a strategic commitment to help strengthen and develop the Starbucks brand in China. Yunnan province coffee already has a well-developed reputation in China for the production of high quality coffee beans. Starbucks have indicated that they would like to export Yunnan coffee beans throughout its world-wide distribution of retail stores. (Gilbert, 2008) SECTION 6 Recommendation In todays difficult financial climate it appears that Starbucks are doing most things right. They have a customer centric approach, place quality control high on the agenda, they address the needs of a young discerning market place and have the right hygiene and environmental factors that support the business. Perhaps less reliance on coffee and increased diversification in their stores may help to consolidate their position further.

Brain Drain :: essays research papers

Brain Drain   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The topic I have chosen is the â€Å"Brain Drain†. Is this a brain drain or a brain gain for Canada? Canadians believe it is a brain drain for them. The United States is also losing some of their students to Canada. This is a real issue facing Canadians; they are losing many of their highly educated students each year. â€Å"The issue of â€Å"brain drain† is a political hot potato in Canada†. (Quoted by Wayne Kondro). Many of these students are moving to the United States because they are being paid a lot better. This so called â€Å"brain drain† south was particularly dramatic in the mid- 1990’s. There are many knowledgeable Canadians heading South of the border. Our low Canadian dollar is part of the reason why people chose to move to the States. Canadian’s are being paid much more working in the US than they are being paid in Canada. High taxes are another reason Canada is driving people into the states. Another main reason why so many Canadians are leaving to live in the U.S. is the North American Free Trade Agreement. The so called brain drain is actually a brain gain. The ratio is 1:4, for every Canadian going to the U.S., Canada is gaining four U.S. educated students. Immigrants are three times more likely to hold a master’s degree, doctoral or medical degree than the Canadian born population is. Therefore, this says that people who are immigrating into Canada are keeping more of their degrees, than people immigrating to the states. In the end not all the people moving to the states stay there, there is a small percentage of them moving back. Maybe because in the states they aren’t getting all the benefits Canadians are getting. For example medical care. The facts state that this is a brain drain. There are more than one hundred thousand skilled Canadians moving out of Canada each year. This includes graduates and people who are being offered better paying job. A recent poll said that eight out of ten Canadian’s have considered moving to the U.S. Eighty one percent say that the biggest lure is the higher pay. â€Å"Just over 4,600 post-secondary graduates from the class of 1995 were living in the United States as of the summer of 1997. By the time of the survey in March 1999, about 830 (18%) of these graduates had moved back to Canada†.

Penn foster exam Essay

I want to inform you of a position here at INK. My boss, Daniel Smith, is looking for a personal assistant and I know that you would be perfect for the position. Your background in sales and cashiering lend some qualifications to the job, but it is your outgoing personality and attention to detail that are sure to win him over. The Job Requirements include: -Preparing coffee every morning -Creating speeches for Mr. Smith’s many public appearances -Joining Mr. Smith at weekly conferences -Keeping a detailed log of Mr. Smith’s contacts with business and community members including personal information about their families, likes, dislikes, and hobbies -Managing Mr. Smith’s business account and petty cash funds. With your background as a cashier, I have no doubt that you will excel at managing the books. I have always noticed your ability to organize any situation to run smoothly, so I am assured that you can also handle Mr. Smith’s many public appearances and conferences. Your success as a sales clerk is surely due to your bright and positive personality- in fact I have rarely seen you without a smile for everyone. Mr. Smith can be a bear in the mornings without his coffee, so your upbeat attitude and your ability to roll with the punches, so to speak, will be a huge asset in that regard. I also know that in our family, you are the one who remembers everyone’s birthday’s, so as far as making Mr. Smith’s guests and associates feeling welcome, you are the best person for the job.

The article being reviewed in this essay, Essays

The article being reviewed in this essay, Essays The article being reviewed in this essay, Essay The article being reviewed in this essay, Essay The article being reviewed in this essay, ‘Land Tenure Insecurity and Inequality in Nicaragua’ by Rikke J Broegaard, was written in September 2005 as a research paper for the Danish Institute for International Studies. It represents the continuance of research work carried out by Broegaard in this field. Indeed, it was the capable country of his PhD research. Indeed, in my sentiment, the most interesting facet of this survey is to compare the development of both methods and thoughts from Broegaard’s earlier work. Subsequently in this essay, I will be looking at an article carbon monoxide written by Broegaard in 2002, and will be looking more closely at how his work has developed. To decently reexamine this article, it is necessary to to the full understand the historical context of this research, and I will seek to make this briefly at the beginning of this paper. At the nucleus of this issue is the land expropriated under the Sandinista authorities jurisprudence that declared a piece of belongings abandoned if the proprietor was off for six months or more, three months if the proprietor went to the USA. The Sandinista authorities made land ownership for the hapless a precedence through the 1980’s, and under their land Torahs, land was parcelled out to 200,000 of the country’s poorest households by the manner of 30ft ten 15ft secret plans. Unfortunately, the authorities failed to supply rubrics to the land. When the Sandinista authorities fell in the 1990 elections, the full system crumbled. Previous landholders, who had fled Nicaragua, returned to the state to repossess the belongingss which they had abandoned. The authoritiess who have followed the Sandinistas into power have wholly failed to decide the land issues. Indeed the state of affairs appears to hold become more helter-skelter than of all time. As has been stated by Carol Hartman, â€Å"Nicaragua’s long term stableness could depend on deciding this thorny issue.† ( 1 ) This has non happened. Harmonizing to Mark Everingham: â€Å"The triumph of Arnoldo Aleman and the broad confederation in October 1996 raised optimism among 1000s of claimants who were disappointed with the Chamorro government’s willingness to suit Sandinista objectives.† ( 2 ) This optimism was short lived. New Torahs on belongings statute law introduced in February 1998 fell into pandemonium when the Supreme Court found that the authorities bureau had authorized the return of belongingss already titled to other parties. Claimants were forced to prosecute their instances entirely through the tribunals. The state of affairs was competently described by Mark Everingham in his article: â€Å"The sudden convergence of electoral democracy and neo-liberal rules thrust the establishment of belongings into a competition between resurgent confiscated involvements and embattled Sandinist constituents.† ( 3 ) The state of affairs has non truly changed to this twenty-four hours. Over shadowing this whole procedure is the issue of the legality of publishing rubrics without holding compensated the former landholders. Within this historical context, Broegaard has written this article to show and compare the sensed land term of office state of affairss of husbandmans within different legal term of office state of affairss. The survey was carried out in three neighboring small towns in south western Nicaragua. In entire 349 families were studied utilizing a combination of quantitive and qualitive methods. The group chosen to analyze were selected to stand for a widespread group of land term of office state of affairss and populating conditions. The survey included small town leaders, co-op leaders, leaders of the farm workers brotherhood, local spiritual leaders and the few affluent and powerful landholders in the country. I was ab initio uneasy with the thought of including these groups in the survey, seeing a potency for the consequences of a little survey to go deformed. But with the benefit of hindsight, I realised that Broegaard was seeking to understand this issue from all positions within the community and he was hence right to include these subdivisions within his survey group. On the web site of the ‘Danish Institute for International Studies’ , this article is introduced in the undermentioned footings: â€Å"A big group of husbandmans in the instance analyze country perceive their term of office state of affairs as being insecure despite the fact that they posses a legal rubric to their land. The article argues that more attending must be paid to facets such as inequalities of wealth and power, deficiency of enforcement and deficiency of nonpartisanship on the portion of the formal establishments when turn toing term of office security in an institutionally unstable puting, such as that found in Nicaragua.† ( 4 ) Broegaard has sought to accomplish these consequences by understanding the complexness of the issues in topographic point, and has moved off from the conceptual model of land term of office security which was developed chiefly by economic experts. Broegaard states that: â€Å"Over the decennaries a re-conceptualization has emerged through the integrating of findings from ( legal ) anthropologists and history.† ( 5 ) He goes on to province that: â€Å"The re-conceptualization brings into the argument the thought that a deficiency of single land rubrics does non needfully intend that the land term of office is insecure, and that single formal rubrics may non significantly strengthen term of office security.† ( 6 ) This re-conceptualization is discussed at great length by Broegaard within this article and is really much at the nucleus of the treatment countries and his decisions. This new conceptual model has allowed him to acknowledge that â€Å"corruption, high costs of land rubrics and a really expensive legal system preclude effectual and equal enforcement of land rubrics, particularly for hapless, little graduated table farmers.† ( 7 ) It has besides allows an accent to be placed upon differences of wealth and power between family, and the development of the thought that rubrics can supply tenure security to some families but non to others. As a remark against what Broegaards describes as econometric surveies, he stated that â€Å"this focal point sidestepped the fact that ; in many contexts, title ownership is non needfully equated with holding a high degree of term of office security.† ( 8 ) This re-conceptualization represents a ample displacement in accent from old articles by Broegaard, and in peculiar, an article co-written in 2002. The article entitled ‘Property Rights and Land Tenure Security in Nicaragua’ took a much more economic position of this relationship, something which is non surprising, sing the support organic structure. In this survey, Broegaard used what he called arrested development analyses. He states that: â€Å"Regression analyses is used to research channels through which belongings rights influence socio-economic results. It is found that formal land paperss cut down term of office insecurity, heighten the value of land, promote consumption of perennial harvests and thereby hike harvest outputs. Formal rubric workss are superior to set down reform paperss. Land rubric has no consequence on recognition, contrary to common premises. Support for land titling appears justified on both equality and efficiency grounds.† ( 9 ) In their decisions to this article, Broegaard, Heltberg and Moller assert the followers: â€Å"The advantage of formal land paperss is that they cut down term of office insecurity and heighten the value of the land. They besides provide better inducements to put in the land and prosecute in long term land usage such as turning perennial harvests, including java. All this consequences in higher end product. Lack of formal rubric and term of office insecurity adversely affect smallholders, and chiefly the poorest among them. There are hence strong statements on both efficiency and equity evidences for intercessions to clear up rights.† ( 10 ) The inquiry must hence be how or why did Broegaard move from a place of comparative certainty sing the benefits of land titling in the 2002 article, to his place of comparative ambiguity in the article under reappraisal? It could be the consequence of a complete alteration of point of view in the three old ages between the two articles, but I do non believe this to be the instance. There is a brief intimation of what was to come at the very terminal of the 2002 article, when he concludes the followers: â€Å"However, the reply to tenure security should non be limited to reforming the land disposal. There is besides a demand for effectual and impartial struggle declaration, and enforcement of belongings rights, for greater stableness and legitimacy of authorities establishments, and for improved governance.† ( 11 ) I believe that the reply to our inquiry lies in the methodological analysis used for the two articles. The displacement from an economic method of looking at statistical informations for accounts, to an anthropological and history based method of field research has been mostly responsible for this alteration in analyses. It is this methodological analysis which forms the anchor of this article and is its great strength. The re-conceptualization procedure that Broegaard has gone through has led to a interrupting down of what defines term of office security. It is no longer what we believe tenure security to be, but the husbandmans ain perceptual experiences and appraisals of their term of office state of affairs which become of import. In specifying his footings, Broegaard states that: â€Å"It will be assumed that husbandmans assessment of their term of office security degree will be influenced by their subjective apprehension of their legal term of office state of affairs, their general outlook sing authorities enforcement and equality of the jurisprudence, every bit good as their appraisal of their entree to the authorities establishments they might necessitate in instance of a conflict.† ( 12 ) He goes on to province that: â€Å"By using the construct of tenure security as seen from the position of the landowners, this survey attempts to supply a broader apprehension of the elements involved in procuring entree and claims to set down, than that which is possible with a purely legal approach.† ( 13 ) I believe that this is a really different, and an highly of import attack to this annoyed inquiry. The attack is justified by Broegaard with the position that it is the sensed term of office state of affairs which is the footing for a landowner’s determination devising, a position I entirely concur with. Where I must go with Broegaard is in relation to the statement which followed: â€Å"The chief ground for this is that people do presume that moral or socially defined rights exist and hey behave consequently, irrespective of whether these are in conformity with formal rights.† ( 14 ) I must state that in a state with the history of Nicaragua, I find it really hard to believe that people truly do posses these premises. I believe that Broagaard is in danger of enforcing west European values and thoughts upon a people who live in a state where corruptness in authorities and within establishments has become the norm. The single narratives of Roberto, and Patrona and Arnofo help to make a image of life in rural Nicaragua, a life where force and menaces are used to act upon belongings minutess, and where the legal position of the land has become irrelevant in making security. We see a image of extremely unequal degrees of information, instruction and acquaintance with formal systems, and a state of affairs where wealth can be seen as the chief beginning of term of office security. Harmonizing to Broegaard, without money it is impossible to utilize the legal system to implement 1s belongings rights. The article shows illustrations of people corrupting functionaries to acquire consequences. Broegaard reflects that: â€Å"The fact that such patterns are mentioned openly shows that they are common and quashi-legitimized in today’s Nicaragua.† This image created by Broegaard non merely provides a valuable penetration into the issues of land term of office in Nicaragua, but besides helps to paint a image of life in the state as a whole. Whilst it is the position of Broegaard that this survey of a peculiar part can be seen as representative of the whole state, I would hold preferred to see the survey being conducted in different parts of the state to see if different forms emerged. This is a little point and non one which should take away from the value of this article as a valuable portrayal of life in this Cardinal American state. Footnotes: Carol Hartman – Who Owns Nicaragua? Madison Land Tenure Centre – State Journal Mark Everingham – Agricultural Property Rights A ; Political Change in Nicaragua in ‘Latin American Politics and Society’ autumn 2001 Ibid Danish Institute for International Studies – web site Rikke J Broegaard – Land Tenure Insecurity and Inequality in Nicaragua Ibid Ibid Ibid Rikke J Broegaard, Ramus Heltberg A ; Nikolas Malchow-Moller – Property Rights and Land Tenure Security in Nicaragua. Research paper for University of Copenhagen Centre for Economic and Business Research. Page 2 Ibid Page 25 Ibid Page 26 Prev cite Broegaard Ibid Ibid

Coursework Business Economics Essays

Coursework Business Economics Essays Coursework Business Economics Essays Coursework Yana Galiyeva Business economics Question 1 1) Why do many firms use cost-plus pricing for supply contracts The cos-plus approach to pricing is an alternative approach by using a general formula for setting a price adds a mark-up to the cost base. Cost-plus prising approach is calculated by the average of total cost (variable and fixed costs), which is a cost base, and the mark-up. One of the methods to calculate the mark-up is to set a target rate on return on investments. The mark-up on full product costs are much lower than on variable manufacturing costs. The reason for that is that when you calculate mark-up based on variable costs you assume that you should generate profit and to recoup fixed costs and other costs, such as R&D, distribution and marketing. The mark-up on full costs is lower because these costs are already include all costs incurred to sell the product ( Bhimani A. Horngren C.T, Datar S.M, Rajan M.V 2012, chapter 12, ‘Management and Cost Accounting’, p386). Because this technique calculate average full costs, the cost base includes a fixed costs and there are some advantages of including fixed costs per unit for pricing decisions. Three main advantages are: full product cost recovery, price stability and simplicity. The logical reason of using cost-plus pricing is that if you charge a full cost plus mark up as a selling price you will break even and because companies are tend to produce a percentage increase in wealth it seems logical (Peter Atrill, Eddie McLaney, 2007, Management Accounting for Decision Makers). Another reason for using cost-plus prising method is that it makes calculations easier and provides clear and objective formula for the calculations. Because of the simplicity of the calculations, it is easy to justify price with the changes in cost (increase of labour costs in our example). Last reason for applying this method is that according to the market structure and the competitions, managers of the company can set target return and the target sales volume. Is the market closed and not competitive, they can set highe r prices and earn more. 2) What potential problems do you envision with cost-plus pricing? In a book The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: a guide to profitable decision making by T.Nagel 1994 author’s define following problem of cost-plus pricing: ‘The problem with cost-plus pricing is fundamental. In most industries it is impossible to determine a product’s unit cost before determining its price. Because unit costs change with volume. This costs change occurs because a significant portion of costs are ‘fixed’ must somehow be allocated to determine the full unit cost. Unfortunately, since there allocation depend on volume, which changes in price, unit cost is a moving target. ’ Another problem of this strategy is that market not always agrees with the price. Cost-plus price model is not taking to account a price sensitivity of customer and ignore the demand for the product. This model is not taking to account the marked demand function and it could lead to reduction in sales, because market will not buy at the price, which was set by the cost-plus price. This model may work only if the company is a prise maker, not a price take. In other case, if company is a price taker it could lead to zero sales. It is important to remember, that non-cost factors are relevant in price setting and this model is not taking them into account. Another problem is that because this pricing model is very simple and consist only of cost factor and mark-up, this model is not focused on reducing firm costs and it leads to an increase in price, which consumers will pay ( in our case an increase of 3$ according to increase of labour costs). 3) Should Gina contest the price increase? Explain. According to the given information and taking into account that Rich Manufacturing Company and Bhagat have signed the contract, it means that Gina could not argue with the contract. We know

Your Complete Guide to Understanding Body Language at Work

Your Complete Guide to Understanding Body Language at Work Do you have a good sense of how you come across at work to your bosses and coworkers? Sure, you might feel like you’re on top of things: you now your tasks and accomplish them well. But never underestimate the ability of your body to give off clues that you’re not as professional as you feel. You may talk a good game, but are your words being undermined by your posture? A weak-ish handshake? Nervous tics that you, umm, barely even notice? Taking control of your body language is a major part of your career, whether it’s in a job interview or your everyday work self.Here we’ve put together the best resources for understanding body language so that you can communicate the best version of yourself.What Can Strong Body Language Do for You?It may not be a skill you can list on your resume, but strong body language is something that can boost your confidence, and help you know that you’re presenting your best self. It’s a sneaky skill set that can m ake you more attuned to your surroundings, and navigate those surroundings more easily. Read on to find out how little tweaks can really make you shine:20 Extremely Easy Ways to Building Confidence at WorkOf course you only get one chance to make a first impression, but are you aware the impression starts before you even start talking? Strong body language can shine you in a positive light from your first â€Å"hello†:What Does Your Handshake Say About You?And it’s not just your body language that matters. In order to progress in the working world, you need to learn how to read cues your bosses and coworkers give off. Interpreting  others’ body language can help you diagnose problems at work and adjust your behavior in a way that’s ideal for you and your job:21 Subtle Signs Your Coworkers Hate You22 Signs Your Boss Hates YouBeing aware of what you and your coworkers are saying behind your words is a great skill to have as you navigate your career.Job In terview Body LanguageYour first chance to make a great in-person impression is in your interview. When you’re prepping your resume and your skill-supporting anecdotes, don’t forget to make sure you’re giving just as much prep time to your body language, as well. Bad body language can cost you dearly:11 Body Language Mistakes You’re Making in Your Interview21 Unprofessional Habits That Will Keep You From Getting The Job5 Reasons You Just Had a Really Bad InterviewKeep control of your nerves, study yourself in the mirror, and practice, practice, practice. Anticipate those things that will make you nervous, and give yourself a pep talk about what you will do if they come up in your interview.So how do you prepare? We can’t say it enough- like getting to Carnegie Hall, it really just involves a lot of practice. It can feel tempting to skip through it and figure you’ll just take a deep breath and relax. Really, though, body language is a skill yo u need to work on as much as answering, â€Å"So tell me about yourself.†These articles can help you target your interview prep so you’re working on all the right moves:7 Body Language Tricks For Nailing Your Job InterviewWhat to Do With Your Hands During a Job InterviewHow to Effectively Prepare for a Second Interview5 Tips to Prepare for a Job InterviewYour 3 Step Cheat Sheet on How to Get a Job7 Interview Secrets for IntrovertsBody Language for Getting Ahead at WorkOnce you’ve got the job, that doesn’t mean you can let that handshake lapse, or stop paying attention to your body language while you interact with coworkers. Rather, it’s time to shift into a more aspirational body language, and figure out how to present your best self every day, not just on special/formal occasions.If you want to be taken seriously, you need take the professionalism that might already exist in your emails, your work, and your phone manner, and extend it to your in-p erson skills. Take assessment of yourself, and then use the following information to grow and improve:Is Your Body Language Professional?21 Body Language Tips for the WorkplaceHow to Get Ahead with Body Language [Infographic]10 Body Language Tips for Success10 Simple Body Language Techniques for Career SuccessFinally, for those of you who work internationally, study up! Make sure you have the basics of pleasantries memorized so you a) don’t embarrass yourself and b) present yourself respectfully and professionally:How People Shake Hands Around the WorldWhile your skills, experience, and resume are essential parts of your professional self, be sure not to neglect your physical body language. Good eye contact and a firm handshake can be a solid entry through the door, and confident behavior just may be the key to that promotion or raise you’re seeking.

Judicial precedent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Judicial precedent - Essay Example â€Å"Judicial precedent means the process whereby judges follow previously decided cases where the facts are of sufficient similarity. The doctrine of judicial precedent involves an application of the principle of stare decisis. In practice stare decisis means, inferior courts are bound to apply the legal principles set down by the superior courts in earlier cases (Tufal, p.1). The words stare decisis means standing by previous decisions. In other words, once a verdict has given by an upper court in a particular case, that verdict should be applied to all future cases of similar nature. It should be noted that only the verdicts given by the upper courts will come under judicial precedent. The verdicts or judgement of previous cases often considered seriously by the courts before making the final verdicts in the existing cases. Advocates often remind the courts about the verdicts of previous cases of they feel such verdicts help them in one way or another in the existing cases. It i s a common practice that lower courts will never try to change the verdicts of upper courts. So, lower courts will always try to follow the judgement of upper courts if the cases handled by them are similar in nature. There are two types of precedent existing; binding and persuasive. The reasons for reaching a particular judgement are often included in the final judgement. The judge will explain which factors forced him to arrive at the final verdict. â€Å"The reasons which are necessary for them to reach their decision amount to the ratio decidendi of the case. The ratio decidendi forms the legal principle which is a binding precedent meaning it must be followed in future cases containing the same material facts† (Judicial Precedent). The terms ratio decidendi means reason for decision. In short, binding precedent is mandatory while lower courts take decisions. On the other hand, persuasive precedence is not so. In persuasive precedence, Judges can decide whether they shoul d follow or not follow past verdicts. It should be noted that a judgement includes, many binding and not binding elements. All the binding elements should be followed in future cases whereas other elements need not be followed later. Thus, binding precedence is compulsory whereas persuasive precedence is not compulsory for the lower courts while taking decisions. Judicial precedence helps judges in deciding; Are the cases, for instance: (a) sufficiently similar that the decision of case (1) should be applied in case (2)?; or (b) sufficiently different that the decision of case (1) should not be applied (never mind be considered binding) in case (2)?; or (c) are the factual differences of minimal significance so that case (1) is likely to be applied to case (2)?; or (d) are the facts different, but the principle underlying the decisions in the cases similar? This can be a difficult one. Here you need to be sure what was the principle that was established in the past case: does the re asoning— the ‘why?’—in the past case apply to the second even though the facts differ? In some instances this may even involve using one case in, say, shipping law, to answer a question about the liability of a fairground company to a local authority in the law of contract (The Doctrine of Judicial Precedent, p.155) Judicial precedence helps courts in many ways. It should be no

God Grew tired of us Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Comparison of economic efficiency of the model of perfect competition Essay

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Brand Extension Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Brand Extension Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example This aims at penetrating almost 80 percent of the target market and making it convenient for customers to access the new product. The distribution strategy is that Al-Mara Crà ¨me and Soap is easily available to its target market.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Promotion: The targeted geographical market is Lavington Green Village and this requires that were use a personalized approach to promoting our product. In this case, we will use billboards at strategic points within the estate so that a large number of the target customers can learn about our new product. The promotional material will portray an image of health and genuineness. We will asses the effectiveness of the promotional strategy using the number of sales. Marketing Research  We will mainly be involved in primary marketing research with a combination of secondary research. Primary research aims at identifying our existing customers, potential customers, and the competition that we will be facing in the market for cosmetics . Secondary research will provide information such as trade associations and government reports on the general cosmetic market. Information from the two types of resources is vital in the decision making process because it is very comprehensive. Evaluation of the research information will involve an assessment of the accuracy of the decisions made and response from the market. For instance, positive feedback will indicate that the company identified the real needs of the market. Clean-So will conduct the research on its own because it is relatively cheap.

Thomas Paine on Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Thomas Paine on Religion - Essay Example His ideas about religion and its impact on social institutions and citizens, Thomas Paine expressed in the book The Age of Reason. The core of his teaching is deism and personal religion: â€Å"My own mind is my own church† (Paine 13). Thomas was born in Thetford on January 29, 1737. His parents lived in the small house on White Hart Street. A photograph of this cottage exists, but the building was torn down in the 1880's. In its place there stands a pretty garden and a fountain. The house had four or five rooms, one of which on the street level was used by Joseph as a shop. His father, Joseph Paine was a commonplace person (Kaye 72). He is described as placid and pious, industrious and poor (Kaye 74). In religious belief and practice he was a Quaker. He lived ten years in France, from 1792 to 1802, took part in the French Revolution and met thousands of Frenchmen, yet he never learned enough French to make a speech in that language, or to say anything at all except the few sentences that were needed in ordering food and commenting on the weather (Great Theosophists: Thomas Paine n.d.). In 1750, he was taken from school to be taught the trade of staymaking. It was a handicraft that required a fairly long apprenticeship. One had to learn the qualities of various fabrics, such as silk, linen and calico. Cutting the cloth was an operation that called for skill, for each pair of stays was an individual product. Tape measurements of the customer were made in the first place, and a pattern was laid out (Kaye 23). After nearly five years in his father's shop Tom Paine ran away. In 1756, he went away again and joined the privateer King of Prussia, commanded by a Captain Mendez. Paine would never say anything about it, but his attitude in respect to this particular exploit is not at all remarkable. He was as reticent about it as about everything that concerned his personal life. On March 26, 1771, he married Elizabeth Ollive. He was then thirty-four and she was ten years younger (Kaye 24). During 1770s, Paine played an active role in the political life of England: he joined officers in Parliament and published his first political article The Case of the Officers of Excise. In 1774, Paine came to America and devoted himself to the revolutionary cause. The most important fact is that Paine was the first author who wrote for the whole American public. During the first six months after its publication about one hundred thousand copies of Common Sense were sold (Larkin 29). His religious ideas and vision of an ideal society Paine expressed in the Agee of Reason. This work consists of three parts appeared in 1794, 1795 and 1807. The first part of the book was written when he was in good health, and without the aid of a Bible; it was meant to shock men into thinking, but compared to the second part it is a model of restraint. It was dedicated to "my Fellow Citizens of the United States," though he was evidently dubious of their enthusiasm for it" (Paine 45). Paine never overlooks an opportunity to humble aristocratic arrogance. He called men to practice the moral virtues, and the belief of one God Larkin 29). Excepting the violent Fundamentalists, no religious person would today be inflamed by reading it. It is ludicrous to suppose that a man of Paine's intense temperament would indulge in flippancy on the brink of eternity (Great Theosophists: Thomas Paine n.d.). The ink had barely dried on his work when the long-expected happened;

Main finanical statments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Main finanical statments - Essay Example cash inflows over a certain time duration is the main purpose of the cash flow forecast. The cash includes deposits repayable on demand as well the cash in hand. For our purposes, the overdraft and the drafts will be balanced at with the banks. A cash flow refers to not only an increase but also a decrease in a business. Profit and Loss account statement: The major purpose of the profit and loss account statement is to bring into light whether the business has made profit or loss in their dealings. The statement reflects the net profit after tax by minimizing the business expenses as well as taxation from the overall operating profit. The profit and loss account statement proves vital for the business because it provides clear figures with regards to what is impacting the business profit and what benefits the business. The profit and loss account is made by the business every 6 months or 1 year. By considering the sales that the company makes it can alter their sales by increasing them or so that they can generate constructive profit for the company and cover all their expenses. The chief advantage that the profit and loss account can bring to the company is that through this account they can improve their business operation. If in the account they observe that the expenses of the company are high a nd much more than the sales, they can minimize these expenses to bring benefits to the company. Through this, the net profit will increase since the business will not be paying a lot of money. The Cash flow statement gives an idea to the company regarding from where the money is coming and where the money is being utilized. On the statement the receipts are written in the first column while all the cash flows are written down under the receipts. These statements can be made by the companies for 6 months or for 1 year. Following the writing down of the cash receipts, the payments are also written. So from the receipts, the payments can

Brand Extension Marketing Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Brand Extension Marketing Plan - Research Paper Example This aims at penetrating almost 80 percent of the target market and making it convenient for customers to access the new product. The distribution strategy is that Al-Mara Crà ¨me and Soap is easily available to its target market.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Promotion: The targeted geographical market is Lavington Green Village and this requires that were use a personalized approach to promoting our product. In this case, we will use billboards at strategic points within the estate so that a large number of the target customers can learn about our new product. The promotional material will portray an image of health and genuineness. We will asses the effectiveness of the promotional strategy using the number of sales. Marketing Research  We will mainly be involved in primary marketing research with a combination of secondary research. Primary research aims at identifying our existing customers, potential customers, and the competition that we will be facing in the market for cosmetics . Secondary research will provide information such as trade associations and government reports on the general cosmetic market. Information from the two types of resources is vital in the decision making process because it is very comprehensive. Evaluation of the research information will involve an assessment of the accuracy of the decisions made and response from the market. For instance, positive feedback will indicate that the company identified the real needs of the market. Clean-So will conduct the research on its own because it is relatively cheap.

Main finanical statments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Main finanical statments - Essay Example cash inflows over a certain time duration is the main purpose of the cash flow forecast. The cash includes deposits repayable on demand as well the cash in hand. For our purposes, the overdraft and the drafts will be balanced at with the banks. A cash flow refers to not only an increase but also a decrease in a business. Profit and Loss account statement: The major purpose of the profit and loss account statement is to bring into light whether the business has made profit or loss in their dealings. The statement reflects the net profit after tax by minimizing the business expenses as well as taxation from the overall operating profit. The profit and loss account statement proves vital for the business because it provides clear figures with regards to what is impacting the business profit and what benefits the business. The profit and loss account is made by the business every 6 months or 1 year. By considering the sales that the company makes it can alter their sales by increasing them or so that they can generate constructive profit for the company and cover all their expenses. The chief advantage that the profit and loss account can bring to the company is that through this account they can improve their business operation. If in the account they observe that the expenses of the company are high a nd much more than the sales, they can minimize these expenses to bring benefits to the company. Through this, the net profit will increase since the business will not be paying a lot of money. The Cash flow statement gives an idea to the company regarding from where the money is coming and where the money is being utilized. On the statement the receipts are written in the first column while all the cash flows are written down under the receipts. These statements can be made by the companies for 6 months or for 1 year. Following the writing down of the cash receipts, the payments are also written. So from the receipts, the payments can

Payroll System Essay Example for Free

Payroll System Essay 1.0 Introduction A payroll system involves everything that has to do with the payment of employees and the filing of employment taxes. This includes keeping track of hours, calculating wages, withholding taxes and other deductions, printing and delivering checks and paying employment taxes to the government. A computerized payroll system saves on time and lowers your error ratio. You can enter payroll payment information quicker than with a manual system, and run payroll registers to double check your information before printing the checks. This allows you to detect errors and adjust them beforehand I have completed a preliminary investigation of the payroll system. As our project the payroll system is one of the software that the professional is develop, the system is good for its specialty in the fields of accounting, it is easy to use and effective and efficient in organizing and calculating the payroll process and it is more important application that should be used by businesses of any size. Payroll systems are very simple to use, they can easily be incorporated into any business applications being used by the company. These systems are a guaranteed way to make sure your payroll is done on time and in agreement with all taxing authorities. Tax laws and rates have continually changed in recent years, new tax credits, expiration of old credits and rate changes can all affect the outcome of your payroll. 1.1 Background of the study Holy Rosary School of Science Technology was established in 1987 by Mr. and Mrs. Rosario. The old name of the school is Holy Rosary Child Center School. It started as learning center and has been improved until 4th year high school. There are four quarters every year. Every last week of the quarters, the examinations are conducted. First quarter will start from the beginning of the school year mainly June and ends at the month of August. Second quarter will start from September until October. Third quarter will start from November until December. Then Christmas break will fall in the middle of December and last until the first week of January. The examination for third quarter will be on the second week of January. Fourth and the last quarter  will start from January until the end of the school year mainly March. In every classroom there are 20-30 students. The system they are using is manual. The manual payroll system is an inexpensive method of performing the payroll process. Manual payroll means that you, or another employee within your company, calculate the payroll each pay period entirely on paper. You will need to calculate taxes, insurance, 401K, and any other applicable deductions in addition to each employees actual earnings. The advantage of using a manual system is that it is very inexpensive, with virtually no start-up costs. The disadvantage is that whatever you save on start-up costs will probably be eaten up by the amount of time it takes to process payroll. In addition, its very easy to make mistakes when processing payroll manually, and the penalty for mistakes, especially mistakes in taxing, can be very costly. There are at least free payroll templates out there, but it still difficult to do manual payroll processing. Student’s knowledge is measured by having examinations. Teachers will manually create the exam inations base on the lessons they already tackled each quarter. There are problems occur during these days. First is the creation of the questionnaire, it takes time and effort for it to be done and be ready for the examination day. Second, the examinations are mirrored to each other, so some of the students can easily cheat. Third, the questionnaire will be manually checked and it takes time before the Teachers and the student can see the results. Lastly the Teachers are having a hard time manually creating reports for the student record. 1.1 Statement of the problem 1.2.1 General problem As a manual payroll system is done entirely by hand, there are plenty of points at which things can go wrong due to human error. They need a long time to enroll and lack of security such as because of poor data storage. An individual carries out all timesheets, taxes, wages, checks, verification and recordings, and there are many small calculations that can be slightly mistaken that will cause far more serious problems further down the line. The fact that a manual payroll is done by hand can cause problems  with liability. If one individual is in charge of the payroll system, then anything and everything that goes wrong is their responsibility, meaning they will have to deal with the consequences. If there are any mistakes made with taxes, then the individual can infer penalties from the government. A manual payroll system can only really used successfully and efficiently if it is only for a handful of employees. 1.2.2 Specific problems 1.2.2.1 Poor Student Info. Using manual system, the students information are only place or written in index card, so there are times that some of the index must misplace or lost. Because it is not a computerized system, computerized payroll system saves on time and lowers your error ratio. You can enter payroll payment information quicker than with a manual system, and run payroll registers to double-check your information before printing the checks. 1.2.2.2 Lack of Security Using manual system, there is a tendency that a data will be lost or misplaced. Storing of data in everywhere, like in the table which can lead to misplacement of the data because its not a computerized system, using that system they dont need to store it everywhere because it is placed on a computer, which is a data are secured. 1.2.2.3 Problems with a paycheck Problems with a paycheck can mess up an employees budgeting for the month. Being over or underpaid and too early or too late is not only extremely irritating, but can lead to bills not being paid on time and payments being missed. The most common problems in manual payroll systems are due to the margin for error being much higher than other systems. 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.3.1 General objective To provide a computerized system because manual system can consume time or it can waste time. Using manual system, there are plenty of points at which things can go wrong due to human error. The fact that a manual payroll is  done by hand can cause problems with liability. If one individual is in charge of the payroll system, then anything and everything that goes wrong is their responsibility, meaning they will have to deal with the consequences. Computerized system can help Holy Rosary School of Science and Technology to secure important data by the use of computer. Computerized System can manage things easier and faster. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives 1.3.2.1 Complete and Upgraded Student Information Students and Teachers in Holy Rosary School of Science and Technology can find any information easily and more accurate because it is already stored in computer. 1.3.2.2 To maintain a data secured By keeping a data secured, all students and teachers are worry free from their files or data by the help of a computerized system. They can secured it more by using password. 1.3.2.3 Complete paycheck Using computerized system, employers can manage their workers or teachers salary accurately or on time. 1.4 Significance of the study This study is conducted by the researchers for the purpose of developing a manual system to lessen the chances of the aforementioned problems to occur again. Nowadays, computerized system are widely used by schools around the world. This gave the researchers the idea to conduct this study and give solutions to the problems encountered. This study can also benefits school, principal, registrar, faculty, students, parents, researchers, and also future researchers. 1. The school The researchers proposed study can benefit Holy Rosary School of Science and Technology by having a record that we conduct a survey and interview or we are studying the system of their school. 2.The Principal The researchers proposed study will benefit the principal of the school that we conduct a survey by gaining a knowledge from our interview because the principal will know that they need to upgrade their system from manual system to computerized system. 3. The Registrar The benefit of the researchers prop osed study is to influence the owner of the school to upgrade their system, to find any  information easily and accurately. 4. The Faculty The researchers proposed study will benefit the faculty from their study because it will help them check, locate and print the reports easily. 5. Students/ Pupils The researchers proposed study serves the students as their reference or guide in creating their program. It will also help students taking computer related courses to identify the best programming language to use. 6. Parents The researchers proposed study will benefit every parents or researchers parents by being happy because of the knowledge of the researchers gained. 7. The researchers Researchers will benefit from this study by applying the knowledge and skills gained in programming to real life scenario. 8. The future researchers The proposed study will benefits and help the future researcher as their guide. The study can also open in development of this study. 1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study Scope of the Study Easily to find data Security Setting Certification of Grades Sectioning of the Students Viewing of Student Form Updating Requirements Viewing of Schedule of Exam Viewing of Students Schedule Limitations Students examination Payment Students grade 2.0 Methodology of the Study Figure 1 Waterfall Model 1. Software Requirement Specification – This is the most crucial phase of the whole project. Here, the project team, along with the customer makes a detailed list of user requirements. The project team chalks out, in detail, the functionality and limitations of the software they are developing. The document which contains all this information is called SRS and it clearly and unambiguously indicates the requirements. A small amount of top-level analysis and design is also documented. This document is verified and endorsed by the customer before starting the project. SRS serves as the input for further phases. 2. Software Design and System Design – Using SRS as input, system design is done. System design includes designing of software and hardware i.e. functionality of hardware and software is delineated. After the separation design of the software, the modules are done. The design process translates requirements into representation of the software that can be assessed for quality before generation of code begins. At the same time test plan is prepared. Test plan describes the various tests which will be carried out on the system after completion of development. 3. Implementation and Unit Testing – After the system design, code generation begins. Code generation is the conversion of design into machine-readable form. If designing of software and system is done well, code generation can be easy. Software modules are now further divided into units. A unit is a logically separable part of the software. Testing of units can be done separately. In this phase unit testing is done by the developer himself, to ensure that there are no defects.

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA CONSTRUCTION SECTOR †OVERVIEW

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA CONSTRUCTION SECTOR – OVERVIEW The development in  Indian construction industry  feature is almost equal to the construction industry development in other countries. It is founded by the government and gradually it was taken over by the enterprises. After self-government requirement for industrial and infrastructural developments in India, they established the stone of construction, architectural and engineering services. The stage from 1950 to mid 60s witness the government in concert an energetic role in the expansion of these forces and most of construction performance during this period were carried out by state owned enterprises  and supported by government departments. The Indian construction industry is an essential part of the economy and a direct for a considerable part of its development involvement and is positioned for growth on account of urbanization, industrialization and profitable expansion and peoples rising potential for better quality of living (Indo Italian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 2008). IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION: Construction is an important part of any countrys infrastructure and industrial growth. Construction industry, by means of its diffident and forward linkage with various additional industries like cement, steel bricks catalyses service generation in the country (Indian Construction Industry, 2008). Construction can be classified into 3 segments such as 1) Infrastructure 2) Industrial 3) Real Estate FINANCIAL BACKGROUND OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: In India, construction is the second main economic activity after agriculture. Construction financial records for nearly 65 % of the total investment in infrastructure and is probable to be the main recipient of the surge in infrastructure venture over the next five years. Investment in construction accounts for nearly 11 per cent of Indias Gross Domestic Product (GDP). à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬239.68 billion is likely to be invested in the infrastructure sector over the next five to ten years in power, roads, bridges, city infrastructure, ports, airports, telecommunications, which would provide a huge enhancement to the construction industry as a whole. Investment for residential, non residential and civil engineering construction as follows in given table: invst in conc indus Table 1.1 Investment in Construction Industry (Swarup and Mahajan, 2001) Investment into this division could go up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬93.36 billion by FY2010. With such confident prospects in communications, associated industries. For the first time cement is one of the consumptive associated industries is set to exceed the 150-million tone mark. Considering the demand for the commodity, capacity utilization rose to over 100 per cent to touch 102 per cent in January 2007 with dispatches touching 14.10 million tones as against the production of 14 million tones. As opportunity in the sector continues to come to the forefront, foreign direct investment has been moving upwards. The real estate and construction sectors conventional FDI of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬216.53 million in the first half of the current fiscal year (Swarup and Mahajan, 2001). DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES IN INDIA: This industrial construction includes the building, renovating, preservation, repair, and destruction of industrial buildings such as (Compliance Information Portal, 2008): crematoriums chemical plants medical waste disposal primary manufacturing oil and gas facilities pulp and paper mills golf courses INDUSTRY SEGMENTS: REAL ESTATE Residential, it covers housing and Development Industrial, it includes Industrial Parks, Factories, Plants Corporate, it includes Office and research Centers Commercial includes retail, shopping malls, Showrooms ,Hotels INFRASTRUCTURE: Indias blooming communications sector is fuelling demand for all kinds of construction equipment. Earlier than the opportunity of the Indian economy, and the entry of worldwide majors, a great deal of infrastructure development and construction in the real estate sector was done manually. But with the infrastructure and construction sectors undergo spectacular changes with 60-storeyed sky-scrapers being built in cities like Mumbai, and thousands of kilometers of expressway and highways being laid across the subcontinent for builders and contractors are acquiring complicated equipment to execute the multi-million-dollar projects. For the construction equipment division, which has adapted rapidly to the distorted situation, this is really good news, as it pave the way for an exciting future. Roads Railways Urban infrastructure (improved housing, water supply and sanitation, schools, universities, health and security, etc.) Ports Airports Power CONSTUCTION INDUSTRY FOR ROAD AND RAIL NETWORK: Mainly countrys economic growth and trade are based on transport.No production can take place unless and until such as raw materials, labor, and fuel can be moved to and from different locations. Without roads, rail, water, and air transport, manufactured products cannot be delivered to consumers. Mainly road transport because it is very cheaper in all of these transport (World Bank Group, 2010). IMPORTANCE OF ROAD TRANSPORT IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: India is the second largest road network in the world for road of 3.3 m km. Almost one billion people living in rural areas in rising countries do not have right to use to reliable roads. These roads are important to ensure that farmers get agricultural inputs in time and can get their harvested products to market with minimal cost, disruption, and loss. After 35 years the global population will grow to 2.5 billion. India is a developing country. So most of this expansion will be in urban areas. The number of cities more than one million population will reach to 358 by 2015. This development, coupled with ongoing globalization and trade liberalization, will increase exact for the transport of people and goods (World Bank Group, 2010). The World Bank has delivered $36 billion in lending for the transport sector since 2000. In 2009, lending reached a peak of $6.5 billion, amounting to over 13 percent of the World Banks commitments for the year. The volume of lending anticipated for 2010 is strong and this growth in investment is expected to continue in subsequent years. TRENDS AND ISSUES:   Facilitate for economic growth and regional integration through national and international trade. And make the cities with better work for citizens not only for environment and also it develops economy growth. Change economic opportunity and growth in rural areas. Make available admission to health and education facilities. FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: In this industry mainly we face difficulties with temporary structures and these are compounded by the detail structure that compared to most other industries, the construction industry is single in many ways, as follows It is a large but diverse and split industry Every job is exclusive with numerous and Complex tasks It is labour concentrated work involving many materials and heavy loads The work force is transient which is difficult to train, when mainly if there are more labours. typical temp structures Fig 1.1 Typical Temporary Structures (Krishnamurthy, 2010) IMPORTANCE OF SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: Due to the following concerns, Safety is very important aspect in all types of industry Humanitarian concerns. Economic concerns. Professional, institutional, and social concerns. Legal and regulatory concerns. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY MOVING TOWARDS CONSOLIDATION This industry is shifting towards a stage where large companies are well clear. LT,Lapee etc are the big companies undertaken the major engineering and construction projects like power plants, construction of dams etc. this leads for huge demand between so many limited companies (Scribd, 2008). The cost of real estate in the urban India is very important which will need companies to have more resources so as to require new lands and develop them. The big companies can live and will be few in numbers with well clear territories of procedure. The demand in metro cities is completely inelastic with certain well distinct competition will make huge boom for operating companies. The industry is affecting towards consolidation the increase urbanization which leads the local players also have a great chance to serve the huge demands of people. CHANGE MANAGEMENT: Change management is something relates to a process of controlling the changes that happens to the infrastructure or any kind of services, in a controlled way, facilitating changes with minimum distraction (Office of the City Auditor, 2010). Change is unavoidable and has become routine in life. Planning, applying and managing change in a dynamic environment is most common situation in which present organizations work. Change generally engrosses three features as represented diagrammatically below (JISC Infonet, 2009). Change management has become a complex problem for most public sector organizations which are going to be affected by the daily ongoing changes due to the new requirements almost every day. Change needs managers to take right strategic decisions without which may lead to consume more time, money and reliability of the involved stakeholders (Capacity Building Programme, 2007). The change management system should make out all the variations from the specifications and drawings of the contract and should also present a method for the technical support and project approval. The recommended change should be implemented in a proper manner as excessive change may result in more cost and difficulty (The Construction Users Roundtable, 2004). Kotter recommended an 8 step process where organizations can avoid failure and become expert at change (Kotter International, 2010). Performing by necessity Developing the Directing alliance Establishing a change vision Conversing the Vision Buy-in Allowing Broad based action Creating short term wins Not to give up Formulate Change stick CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW The literature review will commence by explaining how the construction industry in India has undergone changes in the recent past and how it managed change. According to Paton et al. (2008) The management of change is a complex, dynamic and challenging process rather than a set of recipes and is never a choice between technological, organizational or people-oriented solutions, but involves combinations for best fit; integrated strategies designed to produce results. This chapter will also highlights the concepts of change management, different approaches and technologies that aid change processes in any organisation. Change has to be managed in any organisation and managers play a major role in change management as the most observed barrier to successful organisation is the lack of change management. Hiatt and Creasey (2003) quoted the importance of managing change in a broader sense as: Things did not go exactly as planned and the unexpected happened, so managing the people side of change impacted their success and introduced risk into their projects. 2.1 TYPOLOGIES OF CHANGE: According to Luecke (2003), organisations generally face the challenges from new competitors, new technologies, and new markets for higher performance to come up with the obstacles and improve business performance. The changes fall into the following types. Structural Change: During this type of change, senior management tries to rearrange the functional parts to attain better performance. Cost Cutting: These mainly focus on the eradication of unimportant activities for compressing operations costs. Process Change: These focus on changing how things can be done in a different way to make the process effective, faster and more reliable. Cultural Change: These focus mainly on the relationship between employees and the senior management. 2.1.2 CHANGE MANAGEMENT: Baca (2005) viewed that, change is unavoidable and change may either seen as a good or a bad sign for any project. According to him, change management can be defined as the proactive identification and management of modifications to your project. Managing change engages managing four difficult tasks which of these have to be completed efficiently to accomplish successful output and the four tasks are welcoming change, organizing support, performing change and constructing change potential (Nilakant and Ramnarayan, 2006). Fig: Change Management Model (Adapted from Nilakant and Ramnarayan, 2006) 2.1.3 APPROACHES TO CHANGE MANAGEMENT: Relationship maintenance strategies are significant in terms of the strategies followed    in change management and relationship outcomes pertain to the result of the strategies. In organisation change management there are two types of approaches (Stroh, 2004). 1) Planned approach:         It is a  first approach which represents a variety of models descending from the practice of organisation. The main characteristics of this approach is that it places emphasis on process and deals with change over a significant period of time and follows holistic approach and it encourages  participations. 2) Emergent approach:    It is  second approach in the change management which recognises that highly dynamic environments demand more contingent methods that are more situational and where change strategies can be modified to achieve maximum fit with the ever changing environment. With this approach organisation can rely less on complete plans and  projections and build up instead an understanding of the complexities and the issues concerned. 2.2 ORGANISATIONAL STRATEGY AND ORGANISATIONAL CULTURE: While managing a strategic change, there is too much dependency on the individuals at higher level in the organisation and the change agent may be a middle manager or a consultant who works along with the managers within an organisation (Johnson et al, 2008). According to Stranks(2005), change management has to take place in an organisation with a need to eradicate the stress caused at work because of change by maintaining effective communication of what is happening and this change should be well organised on a stage basis. Organisational culture seems to be more important while managing change. A cultural outlook on organisations offers insight into change barriers and how to overcome these barriers (Balogun and Hailey, 2004). 2.3 LITERATURE ON CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: Indo Italian chamber of commerce and industry (2008) clearly gave an overview of construction industry in India. It clearly explained that construction industry is an integral part of the economy and a conduit for a significant part of its growth investment and it is poised for growth on report of industrialization  economic development and rising people expectations for improved quality of living. This paper emphasizes on the financial criteria in Indian construction industry. This report told that construction is the second largest economic activity after the agriculture. This paper explains about what industry segments are and how many types of industrial  segment are there. It also gave a clear idea of how about in all round development of Indian economy. Finally this paper concluded that Indias booming infrastructure sector is fuelling demand for all types of construction equipment before booming the infrastructure development and construction equipments in real estate  se ctor done manually. Swarup (2007) mainly gave a brief description about the overview of practices being used in Indian construction industry and he also gave an idea about political, legal and social frame work and also explains the economic overview of administrative and regulatory features improvement and development of Indian construction industry. He also told about the globalization of construction services with outlook of WTO and GATS. And he also notified the opportunity and activity in the construction areas where he relied on the usage of PPP models, type and extend use of international standard forms of contracts and its administration and certifications process. Generally, in this paper, he clearly  explained about Indian economic surroundings and several systems and procedures and also focused on further boost in construction industry which would provide the basic infrastructure for the nation as well for different industries. Manjrekar et al (n.d.) explained that in India, there are large numbers of buildings which are more than 40 to 50 years and which need to be renewed.   They also explained about the old and new structures in constructions. They mainly focused on the constructions of old and new building and what are the rules applicable for that. They also told that construction  chemicals have been used in large number of construction projects. They told that new construction projects market is also usual to enlarge the demand for construction chemicals. Within next few years, the construction market is expected to grow more than 30 percent. In most large scale construction, there is variety of construction  chemicals that will be used for designing. This paper also focused on the key issues and challenges this fledging industry faces and it also told about the desk research and field research. They explained about the construction industry turnover and rate of growth in construction industry from year 2002 to 2007. They emphasized on the outlook and potential of the Indian construction industry and also gave a light on the expenditure in construction structure and about different types of policies. They mainly focused on 2 main players in the market. They are Pidilite industries and Choksey chemicals and the growth strategies of these players have been evaluated.   It mainly compares the  development strategies engaged by these Indian firms in the current scenario and environment of operation. It also focused on analysis of the theoretical propositions in Indian context. Siddique (n.d.) gave a detailed description about Indian cement industry and utilization of fly ash and construction waste in construction related activities. He also told that if there is development in materials, it will affect the design and construction of facilities. These facilities are very important for the significant growth of any  nation. He also discussed about the topics like issues facing the technology of concrete materials, maintenance of construction facilities, quality, assurance, production, design. Finally, in this paper, he concluded that developments take place in construction industry India as well as potential advances anticipated in the next 10 years for the  concrete construction industry through substantial use of supplementary cement materials. Love et al (2000) presented a study on Total Quality Management (TQM) which is a means to any learning organisation. They felt that for the improvement of performance in construction industry there requires a cultural and behavioural transfer in the attitudes of the expert, academic and specialized organizations. They provided a theoretical model for any learning construction organisation. They notified that several organisations are looking for alternative means of supporting and allowing a learning society inside their organisations which allows the employees to make decisions and implement required changes. If construction organisations want to become learning organisation, then they should need to implement a change in culture and behaviour. They proposed a few number of dimensions that are to be taken into consideration for describing learning organisation as: a relation with the changed results and behaviour, difference between organisational and individual learning, identifica tion of the environment, deutro learning and double loop learning. Sattineni (2008) presented the recent changes in telecommunications sector for off-shoring structural design work in developing countries like India and china. He also mentioned in the paper that economic outsource is a key reason for this possibility to be realized and it is reasonable to be considered regarding the effects of outstanding in the design sector and its effect on the construction industry. He mainly explained about United States construction industry. The author conducted detailed interviews with principals in US structural design and then he travelled to Bangalore for a detailed interview with Indian counter parts. These results lead to the development of outsourcing  construction activities. He also discussed about the topics such as training, economics   and logistics and this document also identified three outsourcing models for   constructions companies namely Joint Ventura outsourcing, individual project outsourcing and global delivery off sourcing. Aouad et al (n.d.) explained about process map in construction sector where they told that construction industry has witnessed severe efforts in the last few years through the consideration of the implementation of new procurement systems and manufacturing philosophies. On the other hand, process maps which can help organisations  map their processes into some important structure are still missing. The product (building) is still the majorly focused one in construction. In the developed industry, most large organisations have process maps which can help them in ensuring the delivery of  products on time, within budget and to the right quality while capturing the best process practices. They also told that in construction industry, there are some labours to plan process maps such as the RIBA plan of work in the UK. This paper delivered that the process map based on principles is used in the developed  industry. Information was elicited from experts through a series of workshops and case studies. The results of few of these case studies, which have been used to assess the realism of implementing this process map on real life projects, are presented. Finally, they told that IT which needs to maintain and enable the effective implementation of the process map is clearly  explained and also demonstrated the process and manufacturing of construction process. Finally they focused on more holistic picture of design and construction procedure that can be known through the organisation of process and it capabilities. They also spoke about the usage of case studies for testing the practical implementation and also also  told about the problems occur during the implementation phase. Bandhyopadhyay et al (2008) focused on the stems partly from GOIs distress concerning the capacity of the road construction industry to deliver, and partly from the Banks growing need to recognize the impact of the expanded road investments on the industrys capacity in South Asia. The study attempts to  outline the entire gamut of problems and capacity constraints faced by Indias construction industry. It comes out with previous studies information and industry-wide stakeholder surveys and workshops and speaks about government initiatives and road development program. This paper suggested and felt that there is a huge gap between supply and demand for  improved roads. The domestic construction industry is not geared up to expectations demand. There is a need to bring new players into the field, both domestic and foreigner and they also suggested that  present contract procedures and requirements need major modifications as they do not encourage incorporation of scientific, labour and major innovations .They also provided key issues and strategies of the road construction industry in the past and future. HIS global insight (2009) gave an information and detailed description about the recent progress and future trends in the key sector of infrastructure which leads to prevent various opportunities for private sector. It also told about some of the key facts about countrys overall economic environment as well as legal and tax  systems. This paper gave some important information about Indian construction industry.   It clearly explained about how many other countries were spending on Indian construction and how much amount there are spending for non residential and residential construction in India.    This paper also told that Indian companies have very limited contact with large  markets such as Japan, United States and West Europe countries. This paper told one fact that Indian construction industry is highly uneven and this happened as there are no long term relations between contractors and clients in most of the projects. 2.4 LITERATURE ON CHANGE MANAGEMENT: Woodward (1997) provided the importance of project management and also the main features of this approach. They delivered some methods that are applicable to change management in any industry. They concerned mainly on the applications in construction industry and they also highlighted the techniques that are appropriate to practically all other businesses where a change has to be executed and managed. They covered all the issues by including distinctive examples that would consist of: the instigation of a new product, penetrating into new market, installing a new production line, putting into practice a new business policy, starting a new branch office, setting up a modified accounting system, systematizing a sports or charitable trust occasion, recruiting and instructing staff for a new enterprise, the creation of a new product and the testing of it, a company surrender or reorganizing and setting up and initiating new legislation. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2005) provided a report on the Local Government Pay and Workforce Strategy which mainly focused on the transforming of the authority to produce real and longing change. In order to adopt this change, Englands Local government should have imaginative leadership, organisational elasticity and resources facility to offer better services, higher efficiency and best customer focus. Organisations try to change the approach from organisational development to the change management, applying a strategy that effectively deal with development of skills and leadership, applying reviews of local pay having the same opinion of a salary form that bear improvement of service. Beer et al (1990) focused on the efficient corporate regeneration that initiates at the bottom through casual efforts to resolve business problems. They observed a situation where the change has to be incorporated to meet the challenges to which the banks conventional hierarchical organisati ons were ill-outfitted to act in response. There has to be extra care taken about who should direct the change attempt, what required changing, and how to go about implementing the change. Most of the companies are facing challenges with the changing marketplace and raised competition to develop their authority, recover market share and guarantee their endurance. Changes in approaches direct the changes in the individual attitude which results in the organisational changes. The most common problem with the most change programs is that they tackle only one or two of these three factors: coordination, commitment and competencies. They provided six steps to the efficient change: Organize assurance to change through joint verdict of business issues, establish a distributed vision of how to systematize and manage for competition, promote agreement for the new vision, ability to perform it, and consistency to move it alongside, broaden regeneration to all the departments, establishment of revitalization through formal structures, policies and systems and observe and regulate strategies responding to the problems in the regeneration process. They gave priority to the top managers in making the change in the entire organisation by generating a market to change, utilizing successfully regenerated units as the organisational replicas for the entire organisation and establishing career paths that support the development of leadership. They laid emphasis on the particularity of the mind set for change management which is difficult to be maintained in an atmosphere that pushes down for periodical earnings. 2.5 LITERATURE ON CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: Walker (2007) relied on a fact that management of construction projects seems to be a continuing challenge as the environment around which the projects are built increases in complication. He focuses mainly on the project management theory. Most of the construction projects are planned and designed in agreement with the previously developed process. But the project team must also consider the fact that changes might be incorporated in the middle of the project according to clients requirements and the change has to be managed. There should be a minimum knowledge in understanding the environment of client as flexibility needs to be maintained when there is a need to incorporate changes in the project. He clearly mentioned that this can be achieved only through the maintenance of up to date information about the clients requirements. Advancement in technology for any particular process can be taken as an example for this. He also stated that project team members should be aware of the changes that can be made and should be ready to explain them to the client consequently. Oracle (2009) mainly highlighted the best practices of identifying and managing the changes that may occur in any construction project and also provided a process to effectively manage changes in construction projects. It clearly  explained about the different types of project changes in construction sector such as directed changes, constructive changes, cardinal changes. It also explained in detail about the change management process and also explained that they are few steps to be followed in construction sector such as recognizing the contract requirements, identifying the  possible change and creating a potential change order file and determining privilege, measuring the effect of the change, and analysing the cost of the change, negotiating and executing the change order, maintaining complete records of the executed change. Like this, it gave an explanation for each and every step. It also explained different  methods for resolving change related construction disputes to avoid costly arbitration and mainly focused on the dispute resolution boards (DRBs) which are nonaligned authority consisting of three members as one preferred method. Choosing the board members can be performed in a number of ways; however, it is critical that the individuals are neutral and both the owner and the contractor  view each board member as individual balanced. Naturally, DRBs are empanelled at the project level and management of the DRB process is governed by the projects contract. Other dispute resolution procedures could escalate the dispute from the project level to a higher governmental level between the owners organization and the contractors organization,  before proceeding to an arbitration panel.   The terms used and contract documents referenced in this paper are geared towards usual design-bid-build public development projects, even though the basic principles are applicable to almost any construction project. It must be well-known that any change management procedure is only as effective as the participants ability to  communicate and