Essay about The Causes of the Cold War - 1683 Words

The Causes of the Cold War The major world powers named the international confrontation that took place between 1941 and 1991 as the Cold War. The Cold War was so named as there was no military conflict that caused an actual engagement. The United States having military victory at the end of the Second World War ensured that they would lead the European and other States. Giving them foremost position in a world context and leaving the Soviet Union with the remaining sphere of influence in the global power vacuum caused by the Second World War. The Cold War was different and unlike any other hostile international confrontation that had occurred before. It had no clear instigators or open†¦show more content†¦Kennan thought the Soviet Government were very hostile towards western interest and expansionist to the point of eventually reaching world domination. Because of Kennan’s strong beliefs he advocated the termination of any attempt at amiable relations with the USSR. However, he also abandoned any ideas of hostile conflict and was in favour of adopting a policy of containment. In Kennan’s famous Mr. X article [2] he exclaimed that the U.S â€Å"Must continue to regard the Soviet Union as a rival, not a partner† and that the Soviet’s Policies â€Å"Will reflect no abstract love of peace and stability†¦but rather a cautious, persistent pressure towards the disruption and weakening of all rival influence and power.† (Source: Internet). At the time of the article being published, Marxist doctrine was causing anxiety amongst many western leaders with their perceived threat of socialism eventually overtaking capitalism. The Western leaders therefore, may have interpreted this as indicating the Soviets aggressive intentions towards the west (as Kennan did) and then synthesising this threat with the extensive propaganda already available and also with the activities surrounding the official foreign policy at the time, the westernShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The Cold War1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was a political, ideological and sometimes indirect military confrontation that took place after the Second World War between the two largest powers in the world: The United States and the Soviet Union. The conflict between these two great powers intensified without a real war on the ground. It was a silent war characterized by both powers in an arms race with the most lethal weapons without actually using these wea pons. That is why that war was known as the Cold War. In this paper,Read MoreCauses Of The Cold War1108 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union spanned almost half of a century. It led to worldwide fears and anxiety over the possibility of nuclear war and the desolation of mankind. It led to various proxy wars, costing the lives of millions in foreign nations and thousands of American and Soviet soldiers. With so much fear, death, money, and willpower going into the conflict, there must be an easy answer as to what force caused and drove the conflict. However, this topic is notRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, a conflict between the United States and Soviet Union, the two global superpowers at the time. Given the name â€Å"Cold War† only for the fact that neither the Soviet Union nor the United States fought directly with one another, instead the war was waged through allies in the form of proxy wars and through increased use of intensive espionage, a never-ending arms race, immense technological competition and on a political forefront as both sides tried to gain the upper hand. The Cold WarRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War984 Words   |  4 Pages The Cold War has lived in infamy in the minds of many people today. The influence of it can be regarded as one of the most terrifying events that could have transpired, and particularly terrifying to its citizens who lived in constant fear of complete annihilation. From the first events to the fall out of a nuclear war, almost all citizens would have no shelter from the devastation of an atomic war. The roots of the Cold War can be found in several main points starting from the Second World WarRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War1388 Words   |  6 PagesLESSON 26 - The Cold War Objectives: Identify the causes for the start of the Cold War Identify key actions taken by the US and the Soviet Union to prepare for war Identify how the Cold War impacted American lifestyle Identify actions taken worldwide between the Cold War combatants The Cold War Begins The Cold War was the state of hostility, without direct military confrontation, between the United States and the Soviet Union. The formation of the United Nations (UN) in 1945Read MoreCauses And Effects Of The Cold War1370 Words   |  6 PagesAbi Amarnath Mrs. Saunders 12 November 2014 English II Causes and Effects of the Cold War Richard Nixon once said of the Cold War that â€Å"the Cold War isn t thawing; it is burning with a deadly heat. Communism isn t sleeping; it is, as always, plotting, scheming, working, fighting.†(www.brainyquote.com). An analysis of the Cold War between 1947-1991 reveals that the Cold War was caused by a difference in political ideals between the USA and the Soviet Union, the aftermath of WWII, and the â€Å"IronRead More Causes Of The Cold War Essay608 Words   |  3 Pages Causes of the Cold War nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Cold War occurred during a time of rebuilding for Europe. It characterized international relations and dominated the foreign policies of Europe. It affected all of Europe and determined lasting alliances. The Cold War was caused by the social climate and tension in Europe at the end of World War II and by the increasing power struggles between the Soviet Union. Economic separation between the Soviets and the west also heightened tensionsRead Morethe cause of the cold war Essay794 Words   |  4 Pagescausing the cold war .After the second world war , the ideological difference ,mutual distrust and the disappearance of the common enemy (germany ) , these all are the causes of the cold war .However ,these comflicts were all brought by the US . Many historians believe that the Cold War was inevitable once the common enemy, Germany, was defeated after the end of World War II. Other historians such as John Gaddis stress that neither superpower can be held solely responsible for the ideological war that lastedRead MoreCauses of the Cold War Essay15 70 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"It is clear that fear, greed and revenge were the major factors that caused the Cold War† How far do you agree with this statement when analyzing the causes of the Cold War up to 1949? The responsibility of the origins of the Cold War often triggers questions among historians yet both powers should be blamed for taking part in it. The origins of the Cold War can often be associated with fear, greed and revenge. Through most analyses, the fault was often given to Stalin’s ambitions to expandRead More Causes of the Cold War Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of the Cold War In this paper I will discuss what actions and thoughts added up to cause the cold war. The cold war lasted from September 1, 1945 to about December 25, 1991. That is about forty-five years, which is an extremely long time. The cold war was a global competition basically between two sides, the Free World, which was led by the United States of America, and the Communist World led by the Soviet Union. The struggle took place through indirect military conflict, and direct

Interpersonal Relationships And Social Commitment

Human beings have been developing interpersonal relationships, which are characterized by close interactions between two people or among a group of individuals (Longres, 2000). Research has established that the closest interactions among persons are found within family because they act as the smallest social units across the world. While people develop interpersonal relationships for various purposes, it is difficult to nurture and maintain such interactions. In fact, the desire to relate inter-personally is based on social commitment factors such as mutual love, inference and business relationships, among others (Longres, 2000). Laws, customs and/or mutual accords control associations, but they are founded on platforms of social unions and society. It is worth noting that interpersonal relationships could be exhibited as connections between persons, for example, romantic associations. In addition, persons could establish interactions small or big groups of people. For example, a pri est should develop a relationship with his or her congregation so that he or she could spread religious messages effectively. Also, an elected leader establishes an interaction with his or her people for effective representation. Relationships between or among people can be studied to dynamic systems, which can vary in a continuous manner during their existence. However, they are characterized by gradual growth and improvement because people learn more about each other as time progresses, whichShow MoreRelatedInterpersonal Relationships Analysis1607 Words   |  7 PagesInterpersonal Relationships Analysis This comprehensive analysis determines the concepts, components, and elements of interpersonal relationships. The concept of attraction foundations shows four different stages of attraction beginning with social and interpersonal communication skills forming a bond between two people. The social environment promotes building of interpersonal relationships for both the professional and private environments. The unique exchanges between interpersonal relationshipsRead MoreTaking a Look at Interpersonal Communication1139 Words   |  5 Pagespractice communication some how, but I feel privileged of learning more details about the concepts of interpersonal communications after finishing the course. Each chapter of the book offers a very interesting, and educational instruction about social problems in relation to communication. I enjoyed reading about the roots of the different types of human behaviors. I consider the study of interpersonal communication as a very intellectual discipl ine that is essential in our daily lives. I each unitRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On The Lives Of Many People897 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Social media has changed the lives of many people. Social media has especially been integral in the lives of many, as it is now possible for relatives and friends from all around the world to connect with each other through sites such as Facebook and twitter, allowing them to feel closer. â€Å"Another national study described the internet as â€Å"a catalyst for creating and maintaining friendships and family relationships†. The internet and social media allows for people to connect with peopleRead MoreHigh Ethical And Moral Standards1029 Words   |  5 Pageslimited to: High ethical and moral standards; Empowerment including coaching and mentoring;Interpersonal relationships and communication; Team building;and Managing conflict. High Ethical and Moral Standards: Although each competency may be equally important; the top priority leadership attribute to possess would be high ethical and moral standards. A leader with high ethical standards conveys a commitment to following the rules and or laws, demonstrates integrity regardless of the situationRead MoreThe Concept Of Organisational Commitment Essay1622 Words   |  7 Pages1: Introduction: The concept of Organisational commitment has received increased attention in the research literature recently as both managers and organisational analysts seek ways to keep the employees engaged and committed to their organisation. There is, in fact, no single definition of Organisation commitment. Typically, though, the emphasis is on three factors such as (1) total trust in and strong acceptance of the organisation’s objectives, and values, (2) a willingness and personal interestRead MoreEssay on Stark P M4 A2739 Words   |  3 Pageslove Robert Sternberg’s theory of love is best explained in the context of interpersonal relationships. An interpersonal relationship can be defined as two or more people who have a strong, deep or close association. The three components Sternberg uses are intimacy, passion and commitment. His theory uses 6 manifestations which are combinations of the three components. This covers a variety of different kinds of relationships in human kind. Sternberg’s theory of love has several combinations of loveRead MoreThe Science of Attraction1670 Words   |  7 PagesSOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY LIKING AND LOVING Liking and Loving: Interpersonal Attraction and the Development of Relationships Nothing is perhaps more important in people’s lives than their relationships with others, and consequently, it is not surprising that liking and loving have become a major focus of interest for social psychologists. Known more formally as the study of interpersonal attraction or close relationships, this area addresses the factors that lead to positive feelingsRead MoreSocial Medi Bringing Us Together Or Tearing Us Apart?1099 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Media: Bringing Us Together or Tearing Us Apart? BUSN110 ESSAY Carried out by: Elena Sanchez- Migallon Paris ID: S00192032 Professor: Waleed Ibrahim 15/4/2015 The accessibility of the new information technology has led that social structures change, and with it the ways of relating to others. With this process of change has created what is known as virtual communities, Rheingold defined the virtual communities as a group of social aggregates which arises from internet when a groupRead MoreThe Most Important Aspect Of Communication898 Words   |  4 Pageswe’re both currently taking interpersonal communication classes, and try our best to apply the lessons to our real life relationships. Although my class uses projects to challenge our knowledge, I know your class takes tests, so I’m going to help you review in this letter! In my opinion, the most important aspect of communication is the way we manage different types of relationships. In the following paragraphs, I’ll help you review topics such as why various relationship types matter, how we formRead MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Relationships On Organizational Attach ment, Job Satisfaction, Commitment, And Turnover Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesWorkplace Relationships Nowadays, employees tend to spend a large portion of their lives at workplace. Accordingly, friendships among employees are often formed at work, and the study of workplace relationships is well established (Venkatarmani, Giuseppe, Grosser, 2013; Seibert, Kraimer, Liden 2001; Rydstedt, Head, Stansfield, Wooley-Jones, 2012; Amjad, Sabri, Ilyas, Hameed, 2015). According to Amjad et al., (2015) workplace friendship has been the focus of considerable body of research during

Spanish American War War over Rough Riders Reign Free Essays

War over Rough Riders Reign With president William McKinney taking charge in order to protect his Americans living in Cuba from the Spanish, he sent over the U. S. S Maine. We will write a custom essay sample on Spanish American War: War over Rough Riders Reign or any similar topic only for you Order Now But on the way over, the barbarous uncivilized Spaniards blew up the ship before it could arrive at its chosen destination. â€Å"Remember the Maine! † was cheered by Americans all over the country. George Dewey valiantly storms his American Navy into Manila Bay. Dewey’s dominance was distinct. Spain lost 384 men in this battle, America lost only 1. Dewey sacrificed 11,000 troops in the Philippines and joined forces with the Filipinos Rebels. This greatly intimidated the Spanish and made the United States very intrepid. The Rough Riders, which are a volunteer cavalry under the command of Leonard Wood and Teddy Roosevelt, and 17,000 American troops, invaded the port city of Santiago in June, 1898. The Rough Riders were definitely the combatants of this battle and caused the Americans to paramount. They were so victorious that the Rough Riders led another battle; The Battle of San Juan Hill was a famous land battle that started on July 1st, 1898. Two days later, the doltish Spanish attempted to escape the American blockage of Santiago Harbor. They were unsuccessful and eventually surrendered on July 17th, 1898. American troops raided Puerto Rico in a conclusion to the last battle. This led to yet another American triumph. The United States is celebrating its victory in this brief war over Spain. As a result of winning the war, our American government has forced Spain to sign the Treaty of Paris. The clauses of this treaty are that Cuba will become independent, Spain will give Puerto Rico and the Pacific Island of Guam to the United States, and the United States will pay 20 million dollars for the annexation of the Philippines Islands. In this short 16 week war, 5,400 Americans lost their lives defending our country against the brutal Spanish. So in the end the United States was once again victorious and protected the weaker countries from certain demise of the debased Spaniards. GO U. S. A.!!!!!!! How to cite Spanish American War: War over Rough Riders Reign, Essays

Family Law in Singapore Womens Rights

Question: Describe about the Family Law in Singapore of Womens Rights. Answer: Marriage cannot be spared under some circumstances. On the off chance that you've chosen to petition for a separation, the laws of Singapore have to be comprehended. In Singapore, the reasons for separation are unique compared to other countries. The reason for separation in Singapore are unique in relation to in numerous different nations :( Leong, 1997). The stand out ground for separation in Singapore is when the marriage has irretrievably separated and to exhibit this you should prove one of the accompanying: If the defendant had committed Infidelity. For this to be valid, a special report must be given by a private examiner and the claim is null and avoided in the event you continue living with your partner for six months after the incident. A conduct which is not accepted. This can incorporate verbal and physical abuse, betting or anything that makes marriage to be unfortunate. When the partners had a mutual agreement to separate and this has gone past 3 years. When the partners have separated for four years even if only 1 party looks for separation. More than two years of desertion. This can happen when your spouse has left for another country for more than two years and you cannot trace them (Leong, 1997). For this situation, Cindy can't decline to assent on Henry's application since they had engaged in verbal abuses and Henry had been away for over four years hence, Henry has a right to apply for divorce. The custody of the child The custody of the child is in some cases a standout amongst the most petulant issues in a divorce. In womens charter, a child is a person under 21 years. The Guardianship of Infant Act is the principle statute representing child care in Singapore it is supplemented by the Women's Charter alongside the Administration of Muslim Law Act. The law of authority applies to each individual in Singapore, paying little mind to whether one is Muslim or non-Muslim (Amirthalingam, 2005). In choosing the sort of authority request in Singapore, the standard of welfare rule is applied by the judges, where the ideal course of action is determined by the child best interest. The Social Welfare Report is the commonly used report. This reports are always requested by the court for disagreements regarding the parent who should be given the custody of the child, and they are arranged by officers from the Ministry of Community Development and Sports. The child is talk to and examined by the officers and they determine the parent whom the child is more conversant with (Lauer, 2004). Other factors which are considered before the custody is made are: The essential parental figure of the youngster amid his/her developmental years The present living plans The youngster's desires The guardian's desires The age of the youngster The guardians' money related capacity Presence of family backing In any case, it ought to be noticed that the Court would not organize the guardians' desires and likings over the welfare of the child. Likewise, the guardian with a higher budgetary capacity does not as a matter of course give him/her an edge in custodial game plans (Thean D.S, 2001). In Singapore, mothers are honored for the care and control of the child. It is frequently a tough assignment for fathers to battle for full care and control of the child. Unless the request made by the father is accepted by the mother, or the tyke is at an age where he/she can express obviously to the Court his/her yearning to stay with the father, it is rare for the court to offer the father the control of the baby unless it is uncommon cases where the mother is abusive or neglects her responsibility to the child. Access is conceded to the guardian who is not given care and control of the kid, ordinarily the fathers. The beginning stage of access requests is the assumption that the tyke ought to have admittance to the non-custodial guardian thusly get to is helpful for the kid. Consequently the dispute regularly lies in the quantum of access to be given. This is particularly since the Women's Charter does not stipulate the measure of access time a guardian ought to be given with his/her youngster (Weitzman, 1985). Looking at the current conditions and also condition on the women charter, Cindy will have the custody of the child and Henry will have the access of the child. This is due to the speculations stated in the law where mothers interest comes first unless the child is able to express herself and the child is only 7 years. Cindy has also been providing for the child since Henry left hence she can manage to provide for her child (Weitzman, 1985). Womens charter under section 69, one can apply for maintenance: For your child from the other guardian, in the event that he or she dismisses or declines to furnish your child with sensible upkeep; For yourself from your husband if your husband has refused to provide reasonable assistance When you are under full time study you can ask for maintenance from your husband The Court can likewise make support orders for a spouse and kids in pending separation procedures, or as a feature of conclusive requests in the auxiliary matters in separation procedures under the Women's Charter. Under the Women's Charter, the obligation of keeping up the youngsters lies with both guardians. This doesn't change if the guardians divorce, or if the youngsters now live with only one guardian. The Court typically arranges the guardian without consideration and control to pay the kids' upkeep to the guardian with consideration and control (Lauer, 2004). The Court is compelled by a sense of honor to consider every one of the circumstances of the case. Segments 69 and 114 determine some specific issues that the Court will consider. These include: The money related necessities of the spouse or youngster; The pay, procuring limit (assuming any), property and other money related assets of the spouse or tyke; Any physical or mental inability of the spouse or youngster; and The age of every gathering to the marriage and the term of the marriage. You, and additionally the respondent to your application, will be requested that deliver the pertinent reports in Court to empower the Judge to settle on a choice on the fitting measure of support to be requested. Reasons for making a will It is vital for you to make a will in light of the fact that if you dont, and you die what happens to your property will be decided by the law of intestacy. A will can guarantee that legitimate courses of action are made for your dependents and that your property is disseminated in the way you wish after you die , subject to specific privileges of companions/common accomplices and children (Thean D.S, 2001). Intestate is a person who dies without a will, this means that the law of administrator ensures your estate, or everything that you own, is distributed. This can only be done when the administrators are granted permission by the Grant of the Representation. Testator is a male who has made his will and for a female it is a testatrix. Testate is a person who dies having signed a valid will. For this person, all possessions will be distributed as stated in the will. The executor or the executors mentioned in the will are responsible for the distribution of this properties. Joint Property Joint property is property that is owned by two or more people, such as land and bank accounts. The right of survivorship is included in the joint property meaning that when one joint owner dies, the ownership of the property passes to the surviving joint owner or owners. Joint property with the right of survivorship does not form the part of deceased person property and cannot be disposed of under a Will. A will can be signed by any individual who is 18 years of age and above and is not mentally challenged. When making a will, one must be conversant with the figurers and the amount of the asset that will be given to the beneficiary named on the will. You must also be of sound minded for the will to be considered (Fox Kelly, 1995). When a free form is filled from any force or undue influence practiced by an individual, then a court can confirm a will. A will is always prepared by the lawyer and the lawyer ensures that The intentions are stated clearly in the will He advices on terms and content of the will The requirements needed for valid will are met There are some properties which are not included in the will. This are registered retirement saving plans and also insurance policy. The executor is not responsible for dealing with this type of property and also the estate fees attached on it. The will made by Madeline was not valid. This is because she did not consider some essential terms in making her will she did not also consider the legal right of the spouse when making her will. Generally there is freedom of disposing your asset at will but the law in Singapore protects the right of the spouse hence the will made by Madeline is not valid (Thean D.S, 2001). If one pass away without the CPF nomination, the CPF is transferred to the Public Trustee for distribution and when one is single, the CPF is distributed among parents and when married the spouse receive the half and children share the remaining. The CPF monies goes to the government in the case where there is no relative around. CPF can be distributed separately when a nomination is made and it states the amount to be received. In this case Madeline parents remain the beneficiary of her CPF monies. Previously the nomination had been revoked by marriage but her re-nomination in 2010 make them valid for the CPF monies (Sherraden, at al, 1995). According to the will written by Madeline, her sister Trina is entitled to possess the flats. This is due to valid writings she jotted before any challenge is made. In her will Trina was given the flats, parents given the CPF and the husband given the paint. The flat was bought before marriage and she had no child. When Madeline had written a valid will according to the rule and guidance of Singapore, Joshua is the legit beneficiary of the flats by one half. According to the laws, if a person leaves a will and the spouse has never given up the right of the estate then the spouse is entitled to legal right share. This legal right share entitles the spouse one-half of the total estate when there is no child and one-third of estate when there is children. Any executor is obliged to provide this share without the spouse going to the court the spouse also have the advantage to take what is stated in the will or the legal right share. Therefore, Joshua will have six months to decide whether to take the paints stated on the will or to go for legal right share (Sherraden, at al, 1995). Reference list Leong, W. K. (1997).Principles of family law in Singapore. Butterworth- Leong, Kum, L. W. (2011).Singapore Women's Charter: 50 Questions. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Leong, W. K. (2008). Fifty years and more of the Women's Charter of Singapore.Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 1-24. Amirthalingam, K. (2005). Women's rights, international norms, and domestic violence: Asian perspectives.Human Rights Quarterly,27(2), 683-708. Lauer, R. H., Lauer, J. C. (2004).Marriage and family: The quest for intimacy. McGraw-Hill Companies. Ong, D. S. (1999). The Singapore family court: family law in practice. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family,13(3), 328-349. Thean, V., Ong, D. S. L. (2001). 13. Family Law.Singapore Academy of Law Annual Review of Singapore Cases, (Annual Review 2001), 226. Weitzman, L. J. (1985).Divorce revolution. Free Press; Collier Macmillan. Neugebauer, R. (1989). Divorce, custody, and visitation: The child's point of view.Journal of Divorce,12(2-3), 153-168. Fox, G. L., Kelly, R. F. (1995). Determinants of child custody arrangements at divorce.Journal of Marriage and the Family, 693-708. Koh, B. S., Mitchell, O. S., Tanuwidjaja, T., Fong, J. (2008). Investment patterns in Singapore's central provident fund system.Journal of Pension Economics and Finance,7(01), 37-65. Sherraden, M., Nair, S., Vasoo, S., Liang, N. T., Sherraden, M. S. (1995). Social policy based on assets: The impact of Singapore's Central Provident Fund.Asian Journal of Political Science,3(2), 112-133.

Global Warming Cause

Global warming is an issue that has raised a lot of concern through out the world. It has drawn some controversies where many practices have been put into place in the attempts of combating while other people feel that it is a natural phenomenon where is little to be done. Global warming is referred as the climatic change as a result of increased temperatures on the earth surface.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Cause specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Adverse effects have been felt in the whole world thus calling for the environmental sustainability through sustainable developments. Human activities which are referred to as anthropogenic factors are the major causes of global warming which have resulted into some effects such as sea level rise as natural factors are not known to account to the greater effects (Houghton, 2004). The discussion illustrates on the cause of global warming. Therefore, the discussion evaluates on the major impacts of global warming in the environment. To start with, global warming is believed to increase sea temperatures which in turn results to the rising of the sea level. This effect further result into flooding where properties are destroyed, vegetation and land, loss of habitation to the wildlife and the displacement of people which increases the number of the environmental refugees. Sea level rise results from the increase of sea temperature out of the increased atmospheric temperatures. Global warming has also resulted into sea ice melting thus promotion of sea level rise. Ice and glacier from the mountains also melts due to the increased atmospheric temperature which find their way into the sea thus increase in sea level rise. The vegetation has dried up in many areas which has further led to the increase of desertification and also continuous occurrence of prolonged droughts as a result of global warming. Due to the high release of greenhouse gases through the anthropogenic activities, there has been depletion of the ozone layer. Carbon dioxide increase in the atmosphere has been a major contributor to global warming. As the temperatures warms, phytoplankton growth decreases thus reduction of food availability to the aquatic animals.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Aquatic animals such as fish are one of the sources of food to humans and therefore decrease in their food results to their reduction thus, shortage of food to human beings. Global warming has also been as a result of direct reach of the ultra violet rays into the earth surface which is a threat to the human health. There are some diseases which thrive very well in the warm conditions. Out of increased global warming, mosquito borne related diseases increases such as malaria (American College of Physicians, 2007). Global warming has also resulted in to water shortages through the drying up of rivers which is a great threat to the human health. Drought occurrences have increased of which they are also caused by global warming, this has further led to decreased food availability thus causing starvation to humans, and the worst of it all is when there has been death occurrences as a result of the same. It is a fact that cannot be denied that global warming has resulted into many environmental impacts which cannot be ignored. On the other hand, there are some naturally occurrences which do causes related effects as those of the global warming. For instances, hurricanes are known to result into flooding out of the sea level rise. When this flooding occur, properties are destroyed, there are also habitats destruction, breakout of diseases such as the water borne diseases, loss of lives and also the displacement of people thus leading to the environmental refugees. Monsoon rainfall has also resulted into flooding and these rains do ha ve the same effects as those that are caused by hurricanes. Therefore, political fear has taken the advantage in the overemphasis of global warming thus the effects which are not caused by global warming are always associated with the same. Some water bodies have been known to swell naturally without any cause of global warming. Urban centers where there are a lot of developments are believed to be the major contributors to the global warming effects. Cities however preserve more heat as compared to rural areas. On the other hand, anthropogenic factors as discussed above have been known to be the major cause of global warming. Consequently, natural factors which consists the greater effects are overlooked.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Global Warming Cause specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However how much we try to compact anthropogenic factors, global warming effects may never at any time be reduced. Solar cy cles have a lot of influence in reverence to radiation that reaches the earth surface. Thus, solar activities have a lot of influence on global warming (Fred, 2005). Volcanic eruptions are also known to cause climate changes through planet cooling. Therefore, evaluation of the major impact of global warming should go beyond the anthropogenic factors which have been over emphasized. Global warming is a world environmental issue that cannot be solved over night because the damage which is felt is already too large. For instance, even if emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases was stopped, sea level rise effects in Bangladesh would continually be felt. Therefore, coping strategies are needed as global warming is not in the face of just going away very soon. However different ways to compact the effects of global warming should be put into practice. In the acts of these practices being put into place, people should be on the other hand be prepared to deal with effects of t he global warming while developing different ways of adapting in to the new form of life (Inman, 2009). To prevent ourselves from direct sunlight, it is important to make use of sun screens, to avoid the spread of water borne diseases, water purifications is therefore necessary and also vaccinations of the diseases associated with global warming. Out of the decreased water availabilities, it is also good to practice recycling of water as one of the method of coping with water shortages. In conclusion, there is a need to promote environmental awareness on environmental conservation. In these awareness programs, causes and the effects of global warming should fully be exposed and also promotion of different ways of reducing these effects. No one can negate the fact that anthropogenic activities have contributed much on global warming effects. Active environmental policies can serve as interventions to avoid further global warming. For instance, when one pollutes the environment, the e nvironmental policies such as the polluter pay principle, demand for the pay against the damage like the emission of greenhouse gases.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As people avoid such cost, then they will use greenhouse free substance. Population increase is one the major cause to the acceleration of anthropogenic activities therefore, if reduction of global population is achieved then these effects would also be reduced. Reference List American College of Physicians. 2007. Facing an Uncertain Climate. Current Clinical Issues, 153-156. Fred, P. (2005, December 2). Climate change: Menace or Myth. 1-7. Houghton, J. T. 2004. Global warming. London: Cambridge University. Inman, M. 2009. Where Warming Hits Hard. Climate Chang , 18-22. This essay on Global Warming Cause was written and submitted by user Br0therh00d0fEv1lMutants to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The eNotes Blog The Town of Books Dont Even Ask AboutWiFi

The Town of Books Dont Even Ask AboutWiFi The Kingdom of Hay, in Wales, is more than just a little unique.   The entire kingdom is comprised of just 1,500 people but it boasts a whopping thirty second hand book stores thats one bookstore for every fifty people! Since 1960, the town has accepted used and discarded books and proudly calls itself   The Town of Books.   Kindles and their ilk, as you can see above, are not welcome. The small hamlet lies on the border between England and Wales. Every year, to celebrate its love of books, Hay-on-Wye (its official name) hosts a literary festival dubbed The Woodstock of the Mind. The town began its transformation to   a book haven in the mid-1960s   when one of its residents, Richard Booth, decided to start buying   books from libraries that were closing, both in the United States and Europe, and shipping them back to Hay-on-Wye. It didnt take long to amass thousands of used books. Soon, the town had a booming  secondhand book scene. In 1988, the town hosted its first festival. In the intervening twenty-five years, the festival has grown in size and regularly attracts names not only in literature but also from science, and, gasp! technology, although those technophiles had better beware. (This year, Googles Eric Schmidt was in attendance.) The towns Prince   Derek Fitz-Pitt Booth Addyman warns, People are smuggling e-readers into Hay-on-Wye, but I should make them aware that we are training poodle sniffer dogs to find them. Probably a joke but If you are getting ready to pack your bags for this years ten day festival, better hold on. Unfortunately, the festival has just concluded. 2014s Hay Festival runs from May 22 June 1, 2014. (Source)

Summary the artical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary the artical - Essay Example Blue oceans consist of all those industries that create new demand and market or expand the boundaries of the existing demand and market. By doing so, they generate new opportunities for profit and growth. Blue oceans have been a source of growth in the past and will remain so in the future. Emergence of new industries and wide products differentiation in the existing ones in the past demonstrate this phenomenon. As globalization spreads and barriers fall further, red oceans will increasingly become competitive with more products standardized resulting in price wars and reduced profitability. Only blue oceans will ensure growth and profit in the future. However, paradoxically, there is a bias in favor of red oceans. A study found that, out of 108 new ventures, 86 percent pursued red oceans strategy contributing to 62 percent of revenue and 39 percent of profit. Only the remaining 14 percent new ventures followed blue ocean strategy but they contributed 38 percent of revenue and 61 percent of total profit. Blue oceans have four defining features, as identified based on the data of 100 years in auto, computer, and movie and theater sectors. First, firms might create blue oceans through technological innovation in some cases but they tweak the existing technology to new uses in most cases. Second, existing firms often create blue oceans within their core competency areas rather than stepping out to new frontiers. Third, the most appropriate unit of analysis is not a firm or industry but the strategic move involving managerial actions and decisions to tap the blue oceans of demand and market. Fourth, creation of blue oceans builds new brands. Strategic orientation is more important than large R & D budget to create new market space. Red ocean strategy and blue ocean strategy have their own characteristics. In red ocean strategy, firms compete in the existing market space, beat the competition, exploit the existing demand, make a trade-off

Effects of ADHD Medication and Student Performance Essay

Effects of ADHD Medication and Student Performance - Essay Example A baseline will be established for each student prior to the study based on the pretests. The study will be conducted for four months during the academic year. This experimental research design utilizes quantitative methodology with a randomized pretest-posttest control group and treatment group. The research will include 60 students from a fourth grade elementary school who will be randomly assigned to either an experimental treatment or control group, consisting of 30 students in each group. Table of Contents Main Body I. Problem to be investigated 4-5 A. Purpose of the study 4 a. Assumptions 4 B. Justification of the study 5 C. Research question and null hypothesis 5 D. Definition of Terms 6 a. Constitutive Definitions 6 b. Operational Definitions 6 E. Brief overview of the study 7 II. Background and review of related literature 8 A. Theory 9 B. Studies directly related 9-10 C. Studies tangentially related 10-11 References 12 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD is a d isorder characterized by lack of attention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior (PubMed Health, 2011). Due to these characteristics, children with ADHD have difficulty in school, possibly due to multiple factors. Children with ADHD may be unable to keep up with the lessons due to lack of concentration, or they may be seen as disruptive by their teachers. Consequently, they may be deemed unfit to progress in their schooling and be retained in their current grade, which is something that may have grave consequences on the children’s educational and global development. Parents and teachers must recognize that ADHD is not something to be taken against a child, but a disorder that can be overcome with proper and adequate pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Teaching interventions that are more suitable for children with ADHD may help enormously with the children’s proper education and development. Poor outcomes may also be seen in children diagnosed with ADH D who do not receive medication. The goal of this research project is to determine the effectiveness of pharmacologic medication in improving academic outcomes of children diagnosed with ADHD. In the following sections, topics related to the issues discussed above will be addressed. The sections include: the purpose of the study and related assumptions, justification of the study, research question(s) and hypothesis, definition of terms, a brief overview of the study, and a conclusion. Problem to be Investigated The problem to be investigated is determining effective solutions to ensure students diagnosed with ADHD do not suffer academically. Stimulant medication has been suggested as one such solution. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to determine the effectiveness of ADHD stimulant medication on improving the academic achievement of students diagnosed with ADHD. Assumptions The following assumptions will be made during the study: 1. This sample is representative of the population of elementary students. 2. The instrument used will measure the desired outcome of the research study. 3. The predictive information from this study will be used by counselors, teachers and parents. Justification of the Study Children who are diagnosed often exhibit problem behaviors in the classroom such as inattentiveness,

Systems of Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Systems of Governance - Essay Example It is evident from the study that the American economy operates as a welfare state that also enables its economic firms to exist with a reasonable amount of freedom. Changing to a welfare state would not only put too many responsibilities on the government, it would also take away the responsibilities of corporate social responsibility that helps bring back money into the economy for social purposes without the problems that are associated with taxation. This would also force the government to increase the taxes that are levied on its populace and this would lead to widespread discontent that would then lead to an inefficient functioning of the economic apparatus across the country. Following the Great Depression, the American government started a new system of offering benefits to the less privileged sections of the society; people who were unemployed and had to depend on the government for their survival. There were limited benefits that were made available to American citizens in areas that included healthcare as a part of it. The state sponsors part of these expenses for the citizens and this is funded through taxes. An entirely capitalist system would dispense with such schemes and promote the welfare of the capitalists and seek to ensure the well-being of the market and the factors that affect the market. In such an economy, the welfare of old citizens would not be a priority and so wouldn’t the welfare of the other vulnerable sections of the society. ... A state capitalist system, would however, enable both the creation of wealth and the implementation of welfare projects. The flaws of this system would however be the tendency of government firms to lapse into a state of lethargy that, if guarded against, can enable the system to work well. This system too, can only be used in a limited manner owing to the fact that this system may lead to a reduction in the level of entrepreneurship that arises from the people of the country. This may cause a lot of loss in potential for the American economy if this system is adopted. Unlike these systems, the socialist system places the entire burden of enterprise as well as welfare on the state that then has to also implement a system whereby it provides equality for all that is an imposed freedom rather than one that evolves out of natural processes. This economy leads to the stunting of entrepreneurial activity which is the lifeblood of the American economy and needs to be used very selectively. Adopting elements of the Danish state that also employs a mixed economy is a tricky proposition since the dynamics of the social, economic and political situations of the two countries involved are extremely different. Denmark, even though a mixed economy, tilts more towards the model of a welfare state that other Scandinavian countries follow in different degrees, too. The welfare of the citizens is taken care in healthcare and the pensions for vulnerable sections are also attended to by the state. Healthcare insurances are provided by the government. All these welfare projects, however, lead to a high level of taxation that would be unsustainable in a country like the United States of America. Apart from this, Denmark allows the minimum wages to be set by the trade unions and

Development of Sediment Reference Sample for Toxicity Tests

Development of Sediment Reference Sample for Toxicity Tests Development of sediment reference sample for toxicity testing using Microtox Solid Phase test and Metal Fractionation using single extractions Abstract Chemical characterisation of pollutants using fractionation techniques and bioassays are useful monitoring tools for sediment quality assessment. However, a common criticism of sediment bioassays is the lack of an appropriate reference sediment sample which sample sediment toxicity can be comparatively assessed. In this study an approach of obtaining a reference sediment sample by cleaning the sediment samples with metals was tested. Metal fractionation was carried out by applying single extraction techniques modified from a sequential extraction scheme proposed by Tessier et al (1979). The total metal concentrations were characterised using nitric acid digestion. The sediment samples before and after the extractions were analysed using the Microtox Solid Phase Test (SPT). Comparison of total metal concentration with various sediment quality guidelines suggests that the sediments are polluted due to higher concentrations of Cu , Ni , Pb , Cd and Zn. The fractionation studies reveal t hat metals are contained mainly within Fe-Mn Oxide phase.The comparison of the results of the SPT with various sediment classification methods suggests that the sediments are moderately toxic to non toxic. However, the results of changes in the toxicity of sediment residues obtained after each extraction compared to unprocessed sediment toxicity results are not statistically significant. But the comparison of toxicity results of sediment residues obtained after HNO3 and NaOAc digestion with the toxicity value of replicate1 of unprocessed sediment suggests a marginal decrease in the toxicity of sediments while the comparison of toxicity values of MgCl2 , NH2OH.HCl, HNO3+H2O2 indicates an increase in the toxicity of sediment residued. The comparison of toxicity values of all sediment residues with that of replicate2 of unprocessed sediment indicates an increase in the toxicity of the sediments after extractions. Get wisdom, get understanding. Wisdom is supreme; therefore get wisdom. Though it costs all you have, get understanding (Proverbs 4: 5,7). Then you will know the truth, and the truth will set you free (John 8: 32). CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Background: With the growing interest in the rules that govern the fate of pollutants in urban environments, the sediments of urban rivers pose a particularly challenging scientific problem as many persistent contaminants (e.g. metals, persistent organic pollutants (POPs)) tend to concentrate in river bed sediments. Therefore, the assessment of sediment quality is recognised as a critical step in understanding the risks associated with man made pollution in the riverine system (De Miguel et al , 2005). Depending upon the conditions in the river, pollutants bound to sediment may become bioavailable and impose toxicity on aquatic organisms. Chemical analysis alone is not adequate to explain effects of chemicals present in the sediment (Beg and Ali, 2008) as they do not prove that adverse effects are occurring (Luoma et al , 1995) , thus for optimal characterization and assessment of pollution , issues concerning both concentration and toxicity should be addressed (Mowat et al , 2001). Therefore, because of the need to establish a cause -effect relationship between the concentration of pollutants and consequent environmental damage and to measure the possible synergistic effect of complex mixture of chemicals(Girotti et al , 2008), Microbial toxicity tests based on bacteria have been widely used in environmental toxicity screening due to the similarity of complex biochemical function in bacteria and higher organisms (Mowat et al , 2001) .Among the bioassays solid phase tests are useful and widely used as test organisms are exposed to whole sediments which include water soluble and non polar substances and thus offer a high relative realism for toxicity assessment of sediments. However, sediment toxicity tests require reference sediment exclusive of contaminant with similar physico chemical characteristics as the test sediments (Guzzella , 1998). The microtox test based on bacterial bioluminescence which uses V. Fischeri bacteria as test organism represent one of the most suitable test for sediment toxicity assessment as it can be used on extracts as well as directly to the sediment (solid phase test) ( Calace et al , 2005). As it is now widely recognised that the total concentrations of Heavy Metals indicate the extent of contamination, but they provide little information about the forms in which Heavy Metals are present, or about their potential for mobility and bioavailability in the environment (Lake et al , 1987) , knowledge on metal speciation in the sedimentary environment may be of more importance for hazard assessment than the total metal concentrations( Farkas et al , 2007). For this reason, sequential extraction procedures are commonly applied because they provide information about the fractionation of metals in the different lattices of the sediments and other solid samples (Margui et al , 2004). It is against this background that an investigation into establishing a reference sediment sample for solid phase bioassays was undertaken in relation to Microtox solid phase test utilising single extractions of metal fractions using -same conditions and procedures described in the sequential extraction procedure mentioned in Tessier et al 1979 . Aims and Objectives: The main aim of the study is to assess whether the approach of cleaning the sediment with metals using single extraction steps of sequential extraction is an appropriate alternative to develop a sediment reference sample or not. In order to obtain a reference sample exclusive of metals, the following procedure was adopted: Each extraction step described in the Tessier scheme was applied to separate aliquots of sediment samples using the same extraction conditions and chemicals described in the scheme (see section 3.8 for details). After the extraction step washed and dried residue sediment samples were analysed for toxicity using the Microtox solid phase test. A reduction in the toxicity could be expected as the metals were removed using chemicals. Microtox solid phase test was also conducted on unprocessed sediment so that a relative comparison between toxicity measurements could be made. The objectives of the investigation are summarised as follows : To characterise the sediments for total bio available metal concentration for eight heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn,Pb,Ni) using nitric acid digestion method. To characterise various fractions of metals as described in the Tessier Scheme using single extraction procedures. To determine the level of toxicity associated with unprocessed and processed sediment sample using the Microtox solid phase test. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Urban River Sediments and Pollution: Urban rivers have been linked with water quality issues since the nineteenth century when it was usual practice to discharge untreated domestic and industrial waste into water courses. Since then the situation has been improved due to e.g. the management curtailment of pollution at sewage treatment plants. However, because of high population densities in urban areas due to variety of sources of pollution the degradation of urban rivers is still important today (Goodwin et al , 2003). When released into the river environment many anthropogenic chemicals bind or adsorb on to particulate matter and depending upon river morphology and hydrological conditions such particulate matter along with associated contaminants can settle out along the water course and become part of the bottom sediments(Vigano et al , 2003). Thus , sediments are considered as repositories for physical and biological debris and for many pollutants (Calmano et al , 1996). Further more , under various physical , biological and chemical conditions (e.g. aqueous solubility ,pH, redox , affinity for sediment organic carbon , grain size of sediments , sediment mineral constituents and quantity of acid volatile sulfides) these contaminants may become bioavailable and result in a toxic impact on aquatic biota(Ingersoll et al , 1995). Nowdays, escalating evidence of environmental degradation have been confirmed where water quality guidelines for contaminants are not surpassed but, still organisms in or near the sediments are adversely affected (Ingersoll et al , 1995). Thus, with a vision to protecting aquatic biota, improving water quality and managing problems of resuspension and the land deposition of dredged materials, sediment quality assessment has been a crucial scientific and legislative issue in recent years. ( Calmano et al 1996 ; Nipper et al 1998). 2.2 Water Framework Directive (WFD) : The European Unions(EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) which came in effect on 22 December 2000, is one of the most important pieces of environmental legislation and is likely to transform the way water quality is being monitored within all member states ( Allan et al , 2006). The main objective of the Directive is to improve, protect and prevent further deterioration of water quality across Europe and it aims to achieve and ensure good quality status of all water bodies throughout Europe by 2015. Thus the necessity of addressing water quality issues associated with urban rivers has been increased within Member States(Goodwin et a, 2003). Under the WFD , three modes of monitoring strategies are specified and at each strategy level chemical monitoring , biological/ecological assessment , physico-chemical and hydro morphological tools have been covered to assess the water quality status of the body(Allan et al,2006). In the WFD, EU commission places emphasis on establishing quality standards related to the concentrations of priority substances and substances which may cause harm in water , sediment or biota . (Crane , 2003). 2.3 Sediment and Pollutants Sources in Urban Rivers : Urban river system is much more complex in its sediments and pollutant sources. Sediments may be released into urban rivers due to erosion of land surface through variety of physical and chemical processes, the rapid run off from impervious surfaces, routing through drainage network, retention tanks and winter gritting roads (Goodwin et al, 2003). These sediments may contain or associated with pollutants such as hydrocarbons , garden and animal wastes , fertilisers , pesticides , oils , detergents , deicing chemicals , street litter (Hall, 1984 ; Chapman, 1996) and trace and heavy metals (Collins et al, 2007). Moreover, Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) events also augment the pollutant and sediment load due to its own contaminant load and the erosion and wash out of in-sewer sediments (Fierros et al , 2002). Due to the wide variety of sources and river dynamics there exist a wide spatial and temporal variation in the properties of sediments. 2.4 River Sediment Composition and dynamics : River sediments are mainly composed of mineral particles originated from the parent rocks due to erosion process, particulate organic matter adsorbed on mineral particles or particle sized organic matter which originates from plant detritus and animal debris, adsorbed nutrients and toxic inorganic and organic pollutants (Chapman , 1996). However , with respect to their behaviour in nature , sediments can be classified in two distinctively different groups a) fine sediments with particles smaller than 50m (i.e silt and clay) and b) coarse sediments with size exceeding 50m ( i.e. sands and gravels) (Salomons et al , 1984). The erosion, transportation and deposition of sediment is a function of river flow velocity, particle size, water content of the material (Chapman , 1996) , channel structure and degree of turbulence(Goodwin et al , 2003). Under certain hydraulic conditions sediments can be transported in suspension or by traction along the bottom which is often called Bed Load. The suspension mechanism initiates the movement of fine particles while the Bed Load causes the movement of coarse particles (Chapman , 1996). More over, within urban catchments rapid runoff and CSO events trigger river flow events with short peak times and high peak flows which step up transport of sediments and associated pollutants (Goodwin et al , 2003). 2.5 Sediment Quality Assessment: Historically, the assessment of sediment quality has often been limited to chemical characterisation. It helps to classify what are the contaminants and what is their concentrations(McCauley et al , 2000) and it provides information about the condition of sediments and processes within them(Wolska et al , 2007). However, quantifying contaminant concentration alone can not provide enough information to evaluate adequately potential adverse effects, possible interaction among chemicals or the time dependent availability of these materials to aquatic organisms ( Ingersoll et al , 1995) because it is impractical to analyze all the compounds and their synergistic/antagonistic effects contributing to toxicity(Plaza et al , 2005). As the bioavailability of pollutants to aquatic biota and their effects on the biota is the key concern in sediment risk assessment , ecotoxicological testing (bioassays) of sediments which study the toxic effects of sediment contaminants on living organisms ( e.g . fish , plants , bacteria , algae) has been extensively used ( Rand et al , 1995). Thus, to understand the fate of pollutants in sediments and their impacts on aquatic biota , a tiered biological and chemical assessment methods have been implemented (Calmano et al , 1996) . The sediment quality triad methodology, one of the most widely used tiered approach based on weight of evidence combines 1) Identification and quantification of contaminants (i.e. chemical analyses ) , 2) Measurement and quantification of Toxicity based on bioassays (toxicity tests) and 3) Evaluation of in situ biological effects(e.g. Benthic community structure) (Calmano et al , 1996 ; McCauley et al , 2000 ). Principal advantages are that it can be used for any sediment type (Calmano et al ,1996) and as both biological and chemical components are used , environmental significance of contaminated sediments is addressed (McCauley et al , 2000). However the cause -effect relations are not always identified due to the synergistic/antagonistic effects of chemicals causing toxicity in sediments (Calmano et al , 1996 ; McCauley et al , 2000) . Furthermore, the assessment is very site specific and does not allow empirical calculations of chemical specific guidelines ( Mc Cauley , 2000). 2.6 Metals in Urban Sediments and Sources : Metals are natural components of biosphere (Luoma , 1983) and they are introduced in to the aquatic environment through many lithogenic and anthropogenic sources(Zhou et al , 2008). Chemical leaching of bedrocks , water drainage basins and run off from banks are considered as the major lithogenic sources of metals (Zhou et al , 2008) while emissions from industrial processes ( e.g. mining , smelting , finishing , plating , paint an dye manufaturing) (Rand et al , 1995) and through urban sewage, house hold effluents, drainage water, business effluents , atmospheric deposition and traffic related emissions transported with storm water (Karvelas et al , 2003) are the major anthropogenic sources of metals in the aquatic environment. Upon discharge to the aquatic environment metals are partitioned between solid and liquid phase (Luoma , 1983) and eventually as a result of settling metals associated with solid phase accumulate in bottom sediments(Farkas et al , 2007).Thus , sediments are m ain sink of metals in aquatic environment(Morillo et al , 2002). A comparison of typical concentration of metals in urban river sediments is presented in the Table 2.1. Table 2.1 : Concentration of metals in urban river sediments(g/g) (reproduced from De Miguel et al , 2005) Cr Cu Fe(%) Mn Ni Pb Zn River Henares, Spain (97-180) (7-270) (0.8-3.16) (150-445) (11-128) (17-1280) River Seine , France 84 2.91 162 429 River Sowe , UK 47.9 164 411 786 Semarang , Indonesia (12.3-448) (5.2-2666) (53.7-1257) Danube River, Austria 43.5 53.9 187 Tiber river , Italy (18.2-54.2) (13.3-45.5) (3.6-33.5) (12.4-43.1) (53.4-417.6) River Po, Italy (118-223) (45.2-179.9) (4.5-5.2) (355-1159) (99-237) (39.3-71.8) (127-519) River Sherbourne 38 71 2.9 481 19 118 196 River Manzanares (18-1260 (11-347) (1.9-9.1) (305-1276) (5-47) (42-371) (70-591) In brackets : minimum- maximum values ; in italic :arithmatic mean values 2.7 Toxic metals and their forms in sediments : Although some metals are essential micronutrients (e.g. Mn, Fe, Cu,Zn) , almost all metals are toxic to aquatic organisms and human health if exposure levels are sufficiently high (Luoma , 1983). Among the toxic metals cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, mercury and arsenic are of prime importance due to their association with anthropogenic inputs. Under different physical, biological or chemical conditions the toxicity of metals in sediments is a matter of bio availability (Jennett et al ,1980). Thus in order to estimate the bio availability of metals and their potential toxicity it is desirable not only to determine the total concentration but also the different chemical forms or ways of binding between metals and sediments(Albores et al , 2000). In sediments depending upon various physical, chemical and biological conditions , metals partitioned into different chemical forms associated with a variety of organic and inorganic phases (Farkas et al , 2007).In river sediments metal can be bound to various compartments e.g. adsorbed onto clay surfaces or iron and manganese oxy hydroxides, present in lattice of secondary minerals such as carbonates, sulphates or oxides, occluded within amorphous material such as iron and manganese oxyhydroxides, complexed with organic matter or lattice of primary minerals such as silicates (Gismera et al , 2004). Due to natural and anthropogenic environmental changes these associations can be altered and metals can become more or less bio available or mobilized within different phases. These influential factors include pH, temperature , redox potential , organic matter decomposition , leaching and ion exchange processes and microbial activity(Filgueiras et al ,2002). Thus in relation to their mobi lity and bioavailability, in order of decreasing interest the major metal fractions are : 1) Exchangeable ,2) Bound to carbonates , 3) Bound to Fe-Mn Oxides , 4) Bound to organic matter and 5) Residual . 2.7.1 Exchangeable Metals : In this fraction , weakly adsorbed metals retained on the solid surface by relatively weak electrostatic forces that can be released by ion exchange processes in the sediment are included(Filgueiras et al , 2002). These metals are considered the most available form of metals present in the sediments (Morrison , 1985). 2.7.2 Metals Bound to Carbonates : Metals in this fractions are co-precipitated with carbonates which exist as cement and coating (Morrison , 1985) and this phase can be an important adsorbent for metals in the absence of organic matter and Fe-Mn oxides (Filgueiras et al , 2002). 2.7.3 Metals bound to Fe-Mn Oxides : Metals in this fraction are associated with Iron and Manganese oxides which exist as nodules , concretion and cement between particles or simply as a coating on particles. Iron and Manganese oxides are considered as excellent scavengers of metals and are thermodynamically unstable under anoxic conditions (Tessier et al , 1979). 2.7.4 Metals bound to organic matter : In this fractions metals associated with various forms of organic materials such as living organisms, plant and animal detritus or coatings on mineral particles are included. This fraction is considered to be less mobile due to their associations with humic substances of higher molecular weights(Filgueiras et al , 2002). 2.8 Sequential Extractions : A sequential extraction procedure (SEP) also known as sequential extraction scheme (SES) can be used to determine above mentioned binding fractions of metals in the sediment. In this process, given sediment sample is subjected to a series of increasingly strong , phase specific reagents under controlled condition which extract our metals from the particular physic-chemical phase of interest(Bird et al , 2005). Depending upon target fractions, a wide variety of chemical extractants can be used (see fig.2.1) and thus in the literature various sequential extraction schemes are available which differ in the use of extractant, target phase and the order of attack to separate particular form of metals. The majority of the schemes are variants of a scheme proposed by Tessier et al (1979). Many researchers have reported difficulties in comparing the results of SES due to their wide variation in the use of chemicals and target phase. Thus, in an effort to harmonize the different methodologies and to make the comparison of results easier , Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) proposed a three step extraction procedure along with a reference sediment material to certify the protocol (Mossop and Davidson , 2003). 2.9 Advantages and problems of sequential extractions : The application of sequential extraction techniques , though time consuming provide valuable information about the origin , mode of occurrence, biological and physic-chemical availability , mobilisation and transport of metals within the sedimentary matrices(Tokalioglu et al , 2000).However, since their initial development, sequential extraction schemes have been criticized for the lack of selectivity of reagents, issues of re adsorption and redistribution of metals solubilised during extraction and changes in speciation due to sample pre- treatment and its general methodology ( Gleyzes et al , 2002). In the sequential extraction scheme, the reagents are expected to attack only the target phase without solubilising the other phases. However, it has been found that the reagents are not selective and may affect other phases also. Thus the sequential extractions are termed as operationally defined fractionation techniques. This lack of selectivity may cause re-adsoprtion and re distribution of metals among the target phases. Moreover, incomplete dissolution of some phases and changes in pH may also lead toward re adsorption and redistribution problems (Gleyzes et al, 2002). Various researchers have reported the problem of re adsorption and redistribution for many sequential extractions for each phase. Despite these limitations sequential extractions are widely accepted for metal fractionation in sediment samples to assess the mobility and bioavailability of metals . 2.10 Single Extractions : To reduce lengthy procedures and thus making sequential extractions a part of routine analysis, various alternatives(e.g. microwave heating and ultrasonic shaking) to conventional extraction procedures have been employed (Albores et al , 2000). One of the alternatives to reduce the lengthy and laborious sequential process is to use single extractions. In single extractions the same reagents and operating conditions as the sequential extractions are applied to different sub- sample (Albores et al ,2000) and, except for first step , the metal concentrations in each individual step can be obtained by subtracting the results obtained in two successive steps(Filgueiras et al , 2002). Initially this technique was suggested by Tack et al (1996) in which first three steps mentioned in Tessiers Scheme were extracted simultaneously while, for organic matter bound metals, it was suggested that the sample should be extracted first for reducing metals and should then be re treated with hydrogen p eroxide step to remove organic matter and thus release metals bound to this phase. 2.11 Bioassays : A useful monitoring tool Bioassays measure changes in physiology and behaviour of living organisms resulting from stress induced by biological or chemical toxic compounds which can cause disruption of e.g. metabolism. Thus, bioassays help to establish cause / effect relationship between the concentrations of pollutants and consequent environmental damage (Girrotti et al , 2008). Historically fish and macro invertabrates bioassays are the first in the series of toxicity bioassays involving animals. As these bioassays were found useful in assessing the acute toxicity of chemicals and effluents and often predicted their effects of aquatic biota and habitat, they have been extensively used in the screening of chemicals and regulatory compliance monitoring (Blaise et al , 1998). However , these conventional bioassays require longer test duration along with additional time(e.g. acclimatisation) for preparations of the test (Ribo and Kaiser , 1987). Moreover toxicity was found a trophic level property and thus it was realized that protection of aquatic resources could not be ensured by conducting bioassays solely at macro organism level (Rand et al , 1995). Therefore an urgent requirement of cost effective , multi trophic and faster bioassays was strongly felt which led to development of micro scale testing procedures involving bacteria , protozoa , micro algae and micro invertabrate (Blaise et al , 1998). Distinct advantages of microbial testing procedures include :1) ease of handling ,2 ) short testing time , 2) reproducibility of results (Mowat et al , 2001) and 4) cost effectiveness (Wadhia and Thompson , 2007). 2.12 Sediment Toxicity Tests : As Van Beelen (2003) stated, toxicity is not a substance property only , but it is the c

The Characters, Setting, and Symbols of Heart of Darkness, by Joseph Co

     Ã‚  Ã‚   Beyond the shield of civilization and into the depths of a primitive, untamed frontier lies the true face of the human soul. It is in the midst of this savagery and unrelenting danger that mankind confronts the brooding nature of his inner self.   Joseph Conrad’s novel, Heart of Darkness, is the story of one man's insight into life as he embarks on a voyage to the edges of the world. Here, he meets the bitter, yet enlightening forces that eventually shape his outlook on life and his own individuality. Conrad’s portrayal of the characters, setting, and symbols, allow the reader to reflect on the true nature of man. The two main characters in Heart of Darkness, Marlow and Kurtz are used to show the true nature of man, that is, the capacity for good and evil within humanity. The central character is a thirty two year old sailor, Charlie Marlow. Marlow is the primary narrator in the novel, therefore his thought’s, opinions, experiences and revelations, shape the entire novels themes and the value system put forward. Marlow illustrates how forces of light and darkness serve to weave the human soul together; thus, essentially how good and evil are reflected in an individual. This is particularly important regarding the construction of Marlow, who is essentially a biased narrator, and a product of his European upbringing. An example is his inability to deal with the dying natives at the â€Å"grove of death†, offering a native a biscuit as an apparent kind gesture. Yet this is only due to him not being confronted with situations like this previously where his own values, and the whole p remise behind colonialism, the exploitation is revealed. The patriarchial views of women he displays also outline the background of Marlow and the a... ...o man can live on the island without becoming a brutal savage. Inside his heart lies the raw evil of untamed lifestyle" (Heart of Darkness: A systematic evaluation).    Works Cited "The Congo" Created December 07, 1995. Web. 23 February 2007. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. New York: Penguin, 1999. Print. "The Fear" Created December 07, 1995. Web. 9 February 2007. "Heart of Darkness: A systematic evaluation of the darkness inherent in men's souls" "The Perfect Native" Created December 07, 1995. Web. 12 February 2007. "The Setting" Created December 07, 1995. Web. 12 February 2007.    Works Consulted Goonetilleke, D.C.R.A. "Heart of Darkness: Overview." Literature Resources from Gale. Gale, 1994. Web. 18 February 2007. Loe, Thomas. "Heart of Darkness: Overview." Literature Resources from Gale. Gale, 1991. Web. 12 February 2007.

Freedom Rides

Prior to the freedom rides indigenous people were mistreated and weren’t considered to be first class citizens of Australia. However, when people became aware of the mistreatment, they started to protest in many places in New South Wales, this was known as the freedom rides. This movement was led by Charles Perkins, who was one of the first indigenous people to attend university. The mistreatment of indigenous people started when the European’s took over Australia, and escalated over time. They were considered to be second class citizens. By the time of federation, in 1901, aboriginal people were not included in the constitution or the census and were excluded from society which was known as protectionism. The white Australians believed that they were helping the Aborigines by using the protection policies. But in reality these policies isolated them from their families, traditional land and removed them from their natural heritage and culture. The Aborigines were taught to live like the white Australians so the could assimilate into the white society and were often trained to be slaves for White People. Charles Perkins was an aborigine who like many was taken from his family and land. He was however treated well compared to what most Indigenous Australians faced when taken under the protection policies. In 1965, over thirty Sydney University students, led by Charles Perkins and Gary Williams, represented Student Action For Aborigines (SAFA) and travelled in a bus all over north and west of New South Wales. This was called the Freedom Ride, and the students became well known as the ‘Freedom Riders’. The aim of the freedom riders was to highlight the racism portrayed in the ‘White Australia Policy’ which was brought into effect during Federation by Sir Edmund Barton. The policy meant that the Aborigines were banned, or in some cases separated from whites, in shops, cinemas, hotels and clubs and public swimming pools. The freedom riders were verbally and physically abused in most towns they visited during protest. The freedom rides were influenced by the racism which was taking place in the US, where there was also segregation between the white and black community. This was an international break through. Charles Perkins was also a soccer star which gave him the opportunity to travel quiet often. On many occasions he witnessed racial abuse in the country towns of New South Whales, where many Aboriginals were degraded in society. Charles Perkins did not experience much racism as he was raised in the city compared to other Aboriginals who were treated harshly. After witnessing discrimination against his own race he immediately took action. The freedom rides that were taking place in the US inspired him to act in a similar manner. Charles Perkins along with his University support travelled all throughout New South Whales. Perkins observed the racism that took place in a town called Moree where Aboriginal children were to shower before entering the pool and leave at a certain time. There was a lot of violence that took place in Moree due to its racial outcasts. Charles Perkins used his stardom to get his word out there that Aboriginals should not be degraded in any way. The students were both physically and verbally abused, and so decided to protest along with many other Aboriginals. The Freedom Riders goal was finally achieved in the 1967 referndum which stated that Aboriginals would be classed as citizens of Australia and would be counted in the census votes. From the above mentioned facts it can be concluded that the freedom ride movement and charles perkins had a positive impact on raising racial awareness. The freedom rides attracted a lot of media attention at both the National and international level. It generated discussions about the indigenous people’s rights and put a lot of pressure on the Government for reform.

The role of the teacher can often be a negative one Essays

The role of the teacher can often be a negative one Essays The role of the teacher can often be a negative one Essay The role of the teacher can often be a negative one Essay Essay Topic: The assault The definition of a teacher is one who teaches or instructs; one whose business or occupation is to instruct others; an instructor; a tutor. The Tempest was written in 1611, following the discovery of the Bermudas and the colonisation of Ireland, during what is known as the Jacobean period. King James I resided over the throne. The most important themes are language and power: or to blend the two word power. The Tempest can be viewed as an allegory for power. The institution or individual that controls language: controls society. Prospero has a great control of language; his magical powers and intellect separate him from the other characters within the play. Prosperos magical powers signify his academic ascendancy and he becomes the teacher figure within the play. Prospero emerges as the most obvious teacher within The Tempest. He was a scholar in Milan and he imposes his intellectualism on his daughter. This shows the chain of transmission of knowledge. Miranda is educated and empowered by her knowledge. Miranda is under the thumb of her dictatorial father. Prospero even refers to Miranda as his foot. Prospero has educated his daughter, Miranda, the savage and deformed slave Caliban, and acts as a spiritual teacher to all the corrupt members of the shipwreck. It would be easy to cast Prospero as the omniscient, judicious, transcendent type within the play, but that would lend Prospero a positive role. Prospero is a bad teacher because he is abusive and misuses his gift, language, he is dictatorial towards Caliban. Prospero is continually mourning the loss of his dukedom, which his own brother usurped. Therefore, Prospero had political power but lost it. Prospero rarely accepts responsibility for his actions as a bad leader; he neglected his dukedom for magic, the occult, this links in with the Jacobean theory of the body politic. Prospero was an absent duke; he was presented with a choice between his dukedom and his study, and opted to lock himself in an ivory tower with his magic books. It can thus be argued that Prosperos magic was the reason he lost his dukedom and magic is exactly the means by which he regains his dukedom, so as a play it goes full circle, and Prospero disowns his magic and retakes his dukedom. Prospero teaches Ferdinand, the importance of being a good king, for the king to be a good ruler, he needs to know what its like to be a servant and thus he is forced t o carry logs, a punishment usually reserved for Caliban. Prospero is solipsistic. He enters his own private world as opposed to public one. Prospero, the usurped; ultimately becomes Calibans usurper. The fundamental hypocrisy is that if Prospero was a man of principle, he would have lived peacefully side-by-side with Caliban, but he chooses instead to dominate over Caliban as his ruler, he chooses to usurp, instead of co-operate. Furthermore, Prospero is obsessed with achieving revenge on the men that betrayed his trust, the same crime is scorns Caliban for. From a biblical perspective Prosperos obsession with revenge completely contradicts the Christian principle of forgiveness and fails the aphorism forgive and forget. Prospero is embittered by what has happened to his family and he wants to get his own back on them and achieve retribution. It can be argued that this subconscious fury is the fuel which fires his unfair treatment of Caliban. Prospero is not only a bad teacher, but a bad person. The colonial disposition of the language is a corruption. Prospero and Miranda have a very Eurocentric view of the world. Calibans original language is stigmatised as babble and gabble. Caliban is made to feel inferior by Miranda; hes called ugly, on a physical and mental level. Prospero brings in the idea that Caliban is un-educateble. Prospero uses teaching to put across a right-wing view. This Conservative views of factory fodder. Prospero has a fascistic view of education and human nature; he thinks Caliban is innately, genetically bad. From a post-colonial perspective Caliban is analogous to Sarah. Prosperos teaching methods are very right-wing; he clearly sees no hope for an uneducateable Caliban who is viewed as innately bad and therefore cannot be reformed as a character. While preaching Christian values and using them as a basis for his actions, the deep-seated duplicity is he does not practice these elevated values; instead he takes on an ad hoc basis for elements of Christ ianity that he needs to substantiate his actions. Prospero takes a pick and mix attitude to an all or nothing doctrine/ religion. One might question the use of having a teacher who does not practice what he/she preaches, on what foundations can Prospero claim superiority over Caliban, when the civilisation and cultural values Prospero is forcing Caliban to digest do not seem to apply to Prospero and his actions. Caliban resents Prospero for colonising/liberating him, and says, You taught me language, and my profit ont/Is I know how to curse. He sees Prospero as entirely oppressive; while Prospero claims that he cared for and educated Caliban before he tried to rape Miranda. Prospero feels that Caliban is ungrateful for the blessing of civilisation and language. Language for Caliban, however, is not empowering, rather oppressive. It highlights the changes Prospero and Miranda have caused and the extent to which they have changed him from what he was. Caliban uses language as an attempt to create a separate identity from his colonisers by using it against them and cursing them; the red plague rid you/for learning me this language!. Caliban has had a false identity impose on him. The role of teacher is destructive for Caliban because Prospero attempts to homogenise Caliban to be morel like himself. Prospero is a bad teacher because he imposes his language and cultural values on Caliban. In doing so he has made the assumption that Caliban is inferior. This stresses the recurring theme of hegemony, the domination of one culture over another. He says to Prospero, Thou poisonous slave, got by the devil himself/ Upon thy wicked dam, come forth! Prospero defends his mistreatment of Caliban saying that Caliban must be punished for attempting to rape his daughter and desiring to populate the island with little Calibans. It could be argued that Caliban achieves a different type of dignity to that of Ariel (who serves willingly) by refusing, if only sporadically, to bow before Prosperos intimidation. Calibans forced servitude and his native status on the island have led many critics to interpret him as a symbol of the cultures occupied and suppressed by European colonialists, which are represented by the power of Prospero. Aime Cesaires Une Tempete Calibans attempted rape of Miranda is intolerable in any culture. However, it only questions Prosperos ability as a teacher, he clearly hadnt taught Caliban as well as hed like to believe because Caliban doesnt understand his place within the island and this shows confusion, a great theme within the play. Caliban has had no experience of society apart from the love of a mother; the much missed witch Sycorax. Perhaps another reason he raped Miranda, was for the affection of a woman, he wanted to feel loved just like he had with Sycorax. Caliban has not been nurtured by society and clearly did not know any better. From a modern perspective, Caliban is punished for conduct he could not control, as Caliban acts according to his nature, his basic nature to do as he feels. Caliban, confused his position within the islands new found hierarchy when he attempted to rape Miranda, his aims were pro-creation he wanted to populate the island with little Calibans, he was clearly not aware of the repercussions and trauma Miranda might have experienced as a result of his actions. Caliban knows not of the crime he has committed, he does not understand, so like a young child he should have been taught and made to understand why his actions were wrong. When he needs Prospero the most, Prospero fails Caliban. Prospero decides instead to disown Caliban. Caliban thus becomes a product of Prosperos incompetence. Prospero has double standards, he is able to forgive the cold actions of his brother Antonio, his brothers motives were destructive; Antonio wanted his brother and niece dead so that he could achieve power. Whereas Calibans only aim was creation, his purpose did not knowingly involve anyone being harmed. Prosperos treatment of Caliban might be more aptly equated with a thing of darkness. Translations were written in 1980. It is set in Baele Beag and is written in a naturalistic style with symbolic elements. Northern Ireland was created in 1920 to avert a civil war between the Catholics and the Protestants; it was a disastrous attempt to mend the conflict and until very recently the creation of Northern Ireland was commonly regarded as illegitimate. It was viewed as a demonstration of colonial power. Translations emerge out of the troubles. In Translations, Hugh is, a professional teacher, as is Manus. Hugh like prospero is an abusive character; this is demonstrated with the treatment of his sons: Owen is the prodigal son and Manus is his lame son. Hugh even fails to notice Manus absence at the end of Chapter III. Hugh is an absent, negligent father. Hes very much broken man, he compensates for all his personality flaws with his intelligence, and this is similar to Prospero who also has many personal flaws. Hughs character is didactic, he has sacrificed the public for the private and instead of going to war, and he chooses instead to attend to his family. Like Prospero he is a moral and spiritual teacher. There is a shift in the readers perception of Hugh. Initially he is a bad teacher, drunk and negligent. He is decaying like the hedge school he teaches in. Hugh employs Chalk and talk teaching, he is dismissive and takes an arrogant attitude towards his students. He dismisses Maire who wants to learn English and makes fun of Doalty. English has a colonial function, language of cultural oppression, analogous to the language of magic. Lost his political power because of magic, than regains whats his through magic and then renounces it. Prospero becomes a teacher through magic. Hugh as a bad teacher, stuck in the past, he rejects/ignores Daniel O Connell. Throughout almost the first half of the nineteenth century Irelands history is reflected in the life of Daniel OConnell. In Dublin he associated with the United Irishmen and shred their national sentiments. When the Emmet alarm burst on the country in 1803, he flew to arms to preserve the Constitution. He was one of the Lawyers Corps that was formed for defence of the realm against the assault of French principles. . Chooses to teach hindering classical past. Hugh doesnt have an understanding of politics. Manus on the other hand, the private for the political. HE sees Sarah nothing more than an embodiment for a tradition. HE doesnt even realise Sarah is in love with him. Look at the idea of Prospero and Hugh as teachers. There can be good teachers or bad teachers. Prospero and Hugh are both scholars and teachers. Hugh is not a very good one; he takes his son for granted like a surrogate wife. Hedge schools are anachronistic; education makes Hugh an intellectual snob. Inferiority complexes manifest themselves as superiority complexes. He also manifests his superiority complex in front of Yolland, He degenerates England. He hadnt heard of Wordsworth and is therefore ignorant of English speaking culture. HE has a parochial, narrow, small-town mentality. Hugh parochialism combines with Manus nationalism. Hugh has a bad effect on Manus, he refuses to speak English, Hugh sees English in esthetical terms its ugly, inferior. Manus, however sees language in political terms, as the language of the colonisers. Maire sees language in economic terms. She ends up looking at language in aesthetic terms nice sounds 78. So the changes in the characters arent static. On the one hand, Hugh teaches Manus well. He comes to realisation. Act 3, purveyors poles political significance and intransigent attitude. Manus as a product of his father, hes a bad father because he treats Manus like a skivvy a slave a dogs body hes not just a victim. Hes a victim of not just the British but his father like Caliban. Classical analogy. Manus lameness because father drops him when he was drunk. He weeps when Owen returns. His treatment of the two sons is unfair. To juxtapose Prospero with the primitive Caliban who is analogous to Rousseaus noble savage myth exposes. Lancey views the Irish as stupid and stigmatises them. On the other hand characters such as Yolland romanticise and idealise the Irish. Gonzalo idealises them as better than that. This is similar to Edward Saids view of the Wests perception of other cultures is Orientalism, the west, the noble savage. Either stigmatise or sentimentalise. Prospero gave Miranda the best teaching possible, whereas he failed Caliban. Miranda is an echo chamber for her father. Whereas Prospero failed Caliban.

A Great Hatred essays

A Great Hatred essays James Baldwins Notes on a Native Son tells the story of his life from childhood up to an adult. Ever since he was a young boy, Baldwin has gone through different stages of development1 just trying to get through his life troubled with racism. I believe Baldwin fully understands the hate that racism has brought him, but just hasnt found a way to rid such a great hatred from his heart. Baldwins childhood was tough. Though his father was physically there he really wasnt there. His children didnt know him as a father, but rather someone who is hating and fearing every living soul including his children. (3). Baldwins father wasnt only mad at people in general; he had an extreme hatred for white people. Even when the white school teacher, who Baldwins mother gave the highest regard, helped them for years, his father still couldnt make himself trust her. His father also pushed young Baldwin away from his white friends. He claimed, Whites would do anything to keep a Negro down (5). A year before his fathers death, Baldwin moved to New Jersey. His rough life only continued when he saw first hand that whites were very racist towards all Negros living there. He realized that one was never looked at, but was simply at the mercy of the reflexes the color of ones skin caused other people (5). On Baldwins fourth visit to a local restaurant he finally understood the great burden of the Jim Crow laws. Baldwin realized the restaurant he was attending was not one in which he was used to. Negros were not served there (5). This wasnt the only place in New Jersey that was under the Jim Crow law. No matter where he went, Baldwin says, I was always being forced to leave (5). White people were starting to get to Baldwin now. The hate in his heart was only growing stronger. C ...

Benefits of and problems with information, entertainment and Research Paper

Benefits of and problems with information, entertainment and communication technologies - Research Paper Example Print. Powell, John, Lee Gunn, Pam Lowe, Bart Sheehan, Frances Griffiths, and Aileen Clarke. "New Networked Technologies and Carers of People with Dementia: An Interview Study." Ageing and Society 30.6 (2010): 1073–1088. Cambridge University Press. Print. Price, Monroe, Susan Haas, and Drew Margolin. "New Technologies and International Broadcasting: Reflections on Adaptations and Transformations." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616.1 (2008, March): 150–172. Public Diplomacy in a Changing World. Print. Riemer, Kai, and Stefan Klein. "Is the V-form the Next Generation Organization? An Analysis of Challenges, Pitfalls and Remedies of ICT-enabled Virtual Organizations Based on Social Capital Theory." Journal of Information Technology, 23 (2008): 147–162. Print. Williams, Peter. "Using Information and Communication Technology with Special Needs Students: The Views of Frontline Professionals." Emerald Publishing Group. Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives 57.6 (2005): 539–553.

Flag Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Flag - Essay Example Jennifer de Poyen is both a writer as well as visual artist. She was a critic and journalist for the San Diego Union Tribune, writing about theater and dance. After graduating from McGill University, she studied journalism and finally graduated from Stanford University. In her book â€Å"Seeing Stars and Stripes† she criticizes the attitude of the Americans towards their national flag ever since the catastrophic incident of the 911. She explains how the American citizens treat the flag because of all the gruesome incidents that had taken place ever since. Jennifer de Poyen was triggered to paint the U.S. national flag for one of her painting assignments, but soon she realized that her interest in the flag was not academic but was more sentimental in nature. In her book â€Å"Seeing Stars and Stripes†, she recalls the days before the 911 incident when the U.S. national flag stood as a proud symbol of Liberty, Fraternity and Peace. The citizens respected and honored their flag and held it in high esteem by hoisting it on Independence Day and other important political holidays. The proud waving of flags was meant to show their love, solidarity and patriotism for America. However, Poyen states that a major reactionary shift or change in the American sentiment towards the national flag occurred ever since the catastrophe of the 911. She writes vehemently on the aftermath and states that though many people took comfort in the national flag after the 911 incident, she and many others view the flag from a different angle. According to Poyen, the fear of terrorist attacks and the helplessness to avoid such acts was brought on by the subsequent acts of the U.S. government. In particular, she makes mention of John Ashcroft’s vengefully repressive department of justice. The display of the stars and stripes evidenced a reactionary shift in sentiment of all Americans. Poyen recalls that horrendous day when thousands of innocent people lost their lives